Women as Change Agents

Most business leaders and employers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of workplace flexibility with the increasing number of jobseekers who would prefer to work on a flexible schedule rather than work in a highly paying job with a tight schedule. Therefore, more and more employers are seeking options and programs to implement workplace flexibility in their organizations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Women as Change Agents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there is a notable gap in workplace flexibility between men and women. In fact, some business leaders such as Kathleen Christensen believe that flexibility for women in the workplace is a social and structural issue. This is a fact considering that the traditional workplace was designed to fit the male workers because they could afford to work full-time without taking breaks to attend to other social imperatives such as care-givin g responsibilities (Richard Heffiner’s Open Mind, 2005, para. 3). Furthermore, most career paths were designed in such a way that people got employed in their early twenties, advanced through ranks, and retired in their sixties. This type of career path does not fit the needs of parents especially women who are currently contributing to almost half of the workforce. In the long run, people end up working for 80 hours and over while neglecting important social responsibilities such as child rearing, cooking, and cleaning. Therefore, it is obvious that this workplace structure does not fit the working parents, and hence, it is important to allow more flexibility in jobs in order to enable parents attend to other equally important matters (Richard Heffner’s Open Mind, 2005, para. 2-6). On the other hand, various factors underlie the historical trends in women’s flexibility in the workplace. According to Domenico and Jones (2006, p. 1), women have been subjects of c riticism throughout history with some critics viewing working women as immoral, unfeminine, objects of pity, and negligent mothers. Therefore, for a woman, having a career was a challenge considering their responsibilities and duties as mothers and wives, which could compromise their professional responsibilities. Because of these simultaneous work-family demands, it was difficult for most women to put their career aspirations first, and thus, their careers were significantly affected (Domenico Jones, 2006, p. 1).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, despite most women joining the workforce in large numbers over the years, their success in achieving career goals and objectives have been dwarfed by different factors including working in low-paying and less flexible jobs such as sales, nursing, social work, and teaching; or remaining in some conventional careers that could only afford them inflexible job opportunities. These factors are also closely related to stereotypical occupational roles designated to the male and female genders, which subsequently cause discrepancies in income, opportunities for growth, and career advancements between the two genders (Domenico Jones, 2006, pp. 2-7). Accordingly, two schools of thought have arose in an attempt to highlight the factors affecting women’s pay (gender wage gap) in the workforce while taking note that women are likely to earn about two-thirds of what is paid to males with comparable qualifications and experience (Domenico Jones, 2006, p. 1). According to the human capital explanation, women are bound to earn less because their labor and hence productivity are divided between the family and work in comparison to men. Thus, the family responsibilities influence the working woman’s decisions when it comes to investing in education and devoting time to professional work. For exa mple, since women are expected to remain in the workforce for fewer years compared to men, it is obvious that they will invest less in obtaining work-related skills. Overall, less investment in work-related skills, lower productivity, discontinuous work history, and skill depreciation among most working women are the main factors driving the discrepancies in wages between women and men (Levine, 2003, p. 9). On the other hand, the discrimination school of thought holds that the work-related variables and sex segregation determine the gender wage gap. For example, men and women are bound to be clustered into different occupational groups whose pay grades are different. Hence, since most women are excluded from well-paying jobs through occupational segregation, their pay is also low compared to men (Levine, 2003, p. 11). The underlying factors affecting women’s workplace flexibility and income notwithstanding, the number of working women is projected to increase in the next 10 y ears considering that most women are venturing into the once male-dominated careers such as finance, construction, and engineering. The same trend can also be noted from the rising number of women-owned firms and businesses most of which are non-farm businesses.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Women as Change Agents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These businesses have been contributing a significant percentage of revenues generated from non-farm businesses in America while employing more than 7 million workers. Therefore, it is hereby hypothesized that as more and more employers fail to meet the flexibility requirements of most working women, more and more career women will turn to women-owned businesses, which have shown a solid growth according to statistics taken in 1997-2002. Therefore, most employer firms are challenged to embrace workplace flexibility in their organizations if at all they are to rec ruit and retain talented and experienced workers especially the career women in the contemporary society (Levine, 2003, pp. 13-19). References Domenico, D.M., Jones, K.H. (2006). Career aspirations of women in the 20th Century. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 22(2), 1-7. Levine, L. (2003). The gender wage gap and pay equity: Is comparable worth the next step? USA: The Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. Richard Heffner’s Open Mind. (2005). Women as change agents in America, Part I. The Thirteen Editorial Services. Web. This case study on Women as Change Agents was written and submitted by user Frederick Marquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Police

The Police Bittner?s definition of the police is a great definition. They do exactly that, control what needs to be controlled. After reading how many police there are on average per town in the USA, I believe that there is not even close to enough police officers per town. How can an average of 10 officers take care of a town that has a population of 10,000. There are so many crimes that can be completed with the police not even knowing it happened until many days later.A good example of how the America?s law enforcement was little to nothing in the early days is the movie Gangs of New York. In this movie gangs essentially run the whole city and murder, rape, and robbery were not uncommon things to see in the America after the Revolutionary War. There are three duties that the police officer holds. They are crime fighting, peace keeping, and providing social services.South Australian Police officers wearing duty belt...Out of the three duties I believe that officer usually neglect the third du ty, which is providing social services.An example of this is one of my past experiences. In Hartford I asked a police officer if it was okay to cross the street because officers were conducting traffic. One officer said yes as the other was directing traffic right into my friend and me. The car hit us in the legs and knocked us off of our feet. Instead of helping us, the officer directing traffic told us that it was our fault and to get out of the road. I was irate because he didn?t provide me with any social services at all (not even an ?are you alright).The police can sort of be a contradictory group in the sense of a corrupt police officer. Police officers can actually be...

William James, The Will to Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William James, The Will to Believe - Essay Example James begins his speech by comparing possible reactions to one hypothesis over another. He uses the scientific term of hypothesis to make a point that that anything which a man strives to prove is, after all, a hypothesis which can never really be proven. Choices as to which hypothesis will be chosen are referred to as an option. According to James there are three types of options: it is either living or dead, forced or avoidable, momentous or trivial. Which option is chosen depends upon who it is being proposed to. A live option is one which must make some kind of appeal to personal appeal. A forced option is one in which the chooser must make a choice as opposed to avoiding the circumstance altogether. A momentous option is one which presents a unique opportunity which has the potential to be life-changing. James states that some beliefs are just that: they are faith-based and they are believed regardless of scientific fact or evidence. His examples, such as that of whether or not we believe that pictures of Abraham Lincoln prove his existence or that we are sick when lying abed stricken with rheumatism, point to the finding that most of what we believe is, after all, really subjective.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells - Essay Example mstance, the development of fuel cells helps in reducing dependence on fossil fuels hence reducing the levels of toxic and poisonous emissions to the atmosphere. However, this form of energy exemplified by proton exchange membrane fuel cells has to compete with reliability, cost and energy efficiency with established energy sources. The commercialization of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells are closely related to vital materials considerations including performance, durability and cost. The major setback is to find a combination of materials that will give a valid outcome on the basis of the above three mentioned factors. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is also referred to as the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. This is so because the name variant depends on the type of electrolyte employed in the model. When the membrane is conveniently hydrated, the fuel cell is referred to as the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. In this case, there is high conductivity of protons across the polymeric membrane. Various state of the art proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been developed. Exemplified by thinner membranes of less than 40 micrometers and smaller Pt/C electrodes, some fuel cells have been devised for cost reduction. However, these models have demonstrated significantly less operating time of close to 15, 000 hours. This called for the invention of an ion-conductive polymeric membrane as a gas electron barrier. This idea was first coined by William T. Grubb of the General Electric Company in 1955. Currently, the most widely employed membrane electrolyte is DuPont’s Nafion . This is because it possesses good chemical and mechanical stability in the challenging proton exchange membrane fuel cell environment. Basically, the physical structure of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprises of seven components. These are feeding channels, diffusion layers, catalytic layer in the anode, membrane; catalytic layer, diffusion layer and

Key aspects of Wal-Mart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Key aspects of Wal-Mart - Assignment Example By integrating all the players within the supply chain, conflicts can be avoided as all players are integrated into a leaner operating model which generates relatively similar results for all. (Ireland) Information exchange, effective communication and partnering at various stages of the supply chain can also ensure decision rights are realigned to provide space to every player in the overall supply chain of the organization. Some of the conflicts which can arise as a result of having different objectives include conflicts on the margins, delivery schedules, production quantities, freight charges etc. Since Wal-Mart also has an advanced level of IT system in place therefore it can share with its larger suppliers its data which can reduce such conflicts as vendors can easily track the production requirements and schedule the deliveries accordingly. A strong information technology system can help large firms to easily share the data with vendors to avoid any conflicts. One of the key b enefits achieved by Wal-Mart through its effective and efficient supply chain is that of the lower prices. Wal-Mart has been successful because of its ability to lower the prices for its end customers and this has only been achieved through a strong focus on cost cutting and achieving efficiencies in its operations. Since, supply chain is the key to the success of managing inventories at desired level therefore it becomes important for Wal-Mart to actually reduce costs and improve its supply chain to pass on the benefits of savings to its customers in the form of low prices.

30 Doradus Image Tour

30 Doradus Image Tour Image Tour 30 Doradus as a image tour and I chose this tour because it is the largest star forming region found near our own galaxies and I thought that it would be a good topic to learn about while I am typing this, and if you are reading this I am going to bring you on a tour of writing this whole this so sit back and grab some popcorn and get ready to read. 30 doradus contains things such as Newborn star clusters, Older Star Clusters, Supernova remnant, Pillar Chain, Dark Nebulae, Hot Bubble, Hill Region, and a Runway Star. I am going to break this into parts. A Newborn Star Cluster is a bright and dense star cluster called R136, and is one of the largest star cluster near our galaxy. Stars usually live to nearly a billion years and these stars are 1 to 2 million years old. These stars will eventually explode into supernovae. Bright stars emit a energetic ultraviolet radiation that heats up and erodes the gas clouds around the star cluster. Dense dust covers the gas creat very dark pillars hence the name pillar chain because there is more than just one. Resembling a gaseous version of a coral reef, these fragmented and wispy clouds are along the edge of a large of extremely hot gas.This gas has been heated to about over 1 million degrees by the high energy radiation from hot stars or stellar explosions, this could be why it it super hot. Lastly but not least is a runway star that was caught speeding at a velocity of 250,000 miles per hour. This star though is 1 to 2 million years old meaning that it could of got at a velocity that fast from a stellar explosion or it ejected itself from the newborn gas cluster but if it did it would move a lot slower than how it is now showing that it was a stellar explosion. When gas is heated a lot it starts to glow a pinkish-red because of a newborn star heating up the gas making that star to appear like a rose-like color. Stars form in the deepest, darkest, and deepest part of hydrogen dust clouds. These dark clouds are remnants of a gigantic dark nebulae that is going to be formed.There was more but I didnt want to add it because it might exceed the 1 page limit for the assignment. Discoveries Discovering Planets Beyond In this discovery it changed austomeners lives forever and used hubble to do so but many planets have been found also found with telescopes on the surface but hubble changed eyes forever. It was then they asked questions like how do planets form, are there alien atmospheres that we can live on?, and can we hunt for a planet that is close to us. All these questions have been answered and it was all because of hubble. Now people have been begining theories that planets just are formed from stars that collided with asteroids but actually plantes have been formed by asteroids colliding with each other to make much bigger asteroids and eventually making a planet. This is true because hubble has seen it happen and made a completely new planet. Finding planets around other stars is hard. Planets are tiny relative to most other objects in the universe. And they can be a billion times dimmer than the stars they orbit. Because planets in other solar systems are nearly impossible to see directly, astronomers have had to come up with innovative ways to hunt these covert objects. Only in the past couple decades has our technology and techniques been up to the task of finding extrasolar planets. The Hubble Space Telescope has a wide range of astronomical pursuits from studying black holes in distant galaxies to observing members of our solar system. So it isnt able to dedicate a lot of time to the hunt for extrasolar planets. But that doesnt mean Hubble hasnt tried or succeeded. In fact, Hubble has conducted some of the farthest searches of extrasolar planets ever attempted. It has proven that enigmatic objects discovered by other telescopes are planets. And it has made some exoplanet firsts.. Lastly are we alone in space that question is average because still many other planets that we havent seen so that is still an unknown question.

Goffman Essay -- Book Review, Social Exchange

Goffman â€Å"All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Student of sociology, believe Erving Goffman could easily claimed to have made that statement just as Shakespeare is given due. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life details dramaturgy or as Goffman himself relates, â€Å"The Perspective employed in this report is that of the theatrical performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Preface, p. xi). Using theater metaphors Goffman wanted to analyze frame by frame the organization of the social experience. He created a framework, a common sociological language, to conceptualize social interactions and thus authored influential work producing deeper intellectual inquiry, academic discussion, and social science development. Through critical review, Goffman’s book reveal its core concept plus consider how his influential paradigm, the dramaturgical perspective maybe placed i n the terms of sociological discussions within the discipline. The book surveys a host of social exchanges whereby the author demonstrates that we in our everyday lives participate in performances of ourselves in ways similar to actors depicting characters. Essentially to Dr. Goffman, it is acting -the presentation of oneself - whether recognized as such by individuals involved or not He begins quoting George Santayana in an exploration of mask. In chapter one, entitled â€Å"Performances,† the theatrical lens starts the analysis. He relays sociologist, Robert Ezra Park’s concept, â€Å"We come into the world as individuals, achieve character, and become persons† (p.20). These examples and all other pertinent information supporting his thesis are registered through theater. Previewing t... ...sic way has been the way of the intellectual craftsman.† This describes Goffman as a serious sociologist. He uses the dimensions of stagecraft to develop intellectual craftsmanship that his academic colleague calls upon. The dramaturgical perspective of Erving Goffman, Ph.D., has been examined in this report through a survey of his book’s assertions. The lineage of sociology prior to his publishing his social science conceptual study was detailed and connected to his stated views of micro-sociology. The sociological discussion within the discipline based upon his book concluded this critical review. This entire survey has caused me to appreciate Goffman’s work as a student of sociology because he has shown me intellectual tools to make abstractions concrete so that I may operate with on a cognitive level to comprehend group dynamics in a scientific way.

Purchasing and inventory system Essay

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Batang Convenience Store is a retail business selling dry goods, LPG’s, soft drinks and food that located in Silang, Cavite. It is founded by Yolanda and Eduardo Atienza who started its first operation on 1999. Since its venture to this kind of business, Batang Convenience Store never used any type of record books or computerized systems. The owner arranges the purchasing of  supplies by evaluating documents like delivery receipts and purchasing orders, which is time-consuming, tiresome, and inconvenient. The owner is not aware if product is no longer available or the item is becoming out of stock. If the owner wants to purchase items from the supplier, it must be done in form of writing. Sometimes the owner encounters loss of data due to carelessness. With the company’s manual means of evaluating the inventory and managing the purchasing operations, inaccurate entries are sometimes made. The Purpose of the Computerized Inventory and Purchasing System is to help a company in managing, monitoring and maintaining their Inventory as well as generating necessary reports and keeping important data safe. The researchers of this study will develop a new purchasing and inventory system for the business using Visual Basic.Net and Microsoft SQL Server software. With this system, the evaluation of inventory and management of purchasing operations will become more organized, and thus easier. In this manner, wrong inputs will be avoided, and the checking and organizing of items will be more accurate. 1.2 Statement of Problem 1.2.1 General Problem Batang Convenience Store encounters problems such as in and out of product from the stock room are not properly monitored by the purchasing clerk.Availability of their products is less supervised by the owner that consumes a lot of time by checking each item manually. Human errors in writing reports, miscount of products and tallying of inventory is time-consuming and tiresome due to the nonexistence of record books or computerized system. Purchasing Reports and Documents are also unavailable, hence purchasing processes takes too long and it may affect the overall productivity of the business. Manual process of evaluating, inventory, and managing the purchasing operations by the owner leads to inaccurate entries of data. The lack of proper record keeping also causes the lost of relevant data. 1.2.2 Specific Problems The proposed system intends to answer these following problems: In and out of product is less supervised, Time-consume and tiresome tallying of inventory records, Purchasing processes takes too long, by manually writing each item, Inaccurate entries of data due to manual process of evaluating, inventory, and managing the purchasing operation and Loss of relevant data due to the nonexistence of record books or computerized system. 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.3.1 General Objective This study aims to develop a computerized Inventory and Purchasing System for Batang Convenience Store. The system will help the business in producing accurate reports, improve transactions and provide a more convenient process for the owner’s /manager and staff. They can also serve their customer in a fastest way and accurate w/out any problem occurs. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives The following specific objectives must be attained to meet the General objective of the proposed system: To develop a system that will help the purchasing clerk to monitor the products in the stock room, To generate a system that will helpto lessen the burden of the store owner in tallying inventory items, To create a system that can help the owner to have faster way of ordering products, To create a computerized system that will help the owner to create evaluation inventory and manage purchasing operation. To develop a system that will automatically keep all the transaction record by updating and putting security measure such as password and backing up of files. 1.4Significance of the Study The Purchasing and Inventory System is one of the key factors to have a successful and profitable business. If the system is not well organized and stable, the business may not be able to meet the target profit in a given period of time. This study will be beneficial to the following: The company, interviewed by the researchers, will be able to monitor the status of materials needed to be purchase on a given period of time. Data inputs will produce an efficient output to be used as basis for making decisions. The owner can easily generate an automated approval report and can monitor the stock with ease and efficiency. Purchasing Clerk can do the processing of order, preparing the purchase order (PO) and monitoring of order status, the Stockman can do the inventory of items easily, and the  Supplier will have a lesser travel time to get the Purchase Order (PO) from the company. Future Researchers can utilize the results of the study as basis or reference when conducting their own research about Inventory and Purchasing System. 1.5Scope and Limitations The researchers of this study will use Visual Basic.Net together with Microsoft SQL Server to develop the system. The proposed system will have three (3) level accesses, one for the owner, one for the manager, and for the Stockman. The owner/manager will have the access to the following modules: The Purchasing Module: This is where the owner/manager approves the Purchase Order (PO), Purchase Request (PR) and in this module the owner/manager can cancel the transaction processing. The Inventory Module: The owner can view the status and movement of the stocks in this module. The owner can also add, edit or deactivate items using this module. The Reports Module: In this module the manager can see the Purchase Order (PO), Purchase Request (PR) and Inventory Reports. The User Account Module: In this module you can add, edit, search and read data that is recorded The Administrative Module: This is for the user’s account creation and editing. The Supplier Module: This is for owner/manager can view the company’s current suppliers, add and deactivate suppliers and in this module the manager can also edit the details of the supplier. The Purchasing Clerk will have the access on the following modules: Purchasing Module: where the input of ordered items, purchase order, purchases Request is being made. Inventory module: where stocks can be viewed. Report module: in this module the purchasing clerk can see the Purchase Order (PO) Reports, Purchase Request (PR) Report and inventory Reports. The Stockman can only access the following modules: Inventory module: where the stockman can report the new products in the inventory and the status of the stocks. Report Module: In this module the stockman can only see the Inventory reports. There will be three (3) workstations in the proposed system – for the Purchasing Clerk, the Owner and the stock room. The workstations will be networked through UTP cables and a switch. We also added a Network Printer which is connected to the  Manager’s Computer for printing Reports and Documents. Limitation The proposed system will concentrate mainly in solving the problems that the company experiences concerning their Purchasing and Inventory System. Some limitations that the proposed system might encounter are the following: Power interruption due to power failure, Exclusion of auditing and transaction of sales, and The network is not connected to the Internet. Our Proposed System will not run in other Operating system environment besides Windows.HIPO

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Outline: I will investigate the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the amount of catalyst added to the reaction. I will use hydrogen peroxide and speed pu the decomposition of it by adding manganese(IV), MnO2 as catalyst.Fair test:In order to maintain fair test conditions I will control variables that will affect the rate of reaction.The factors that are able to affect the rate of reaction include:* Temperature* Surface Area* Concentration* CatalystSince I am investigating the relationship between rate of reaction and catalysts, the other 3 factors will remain constant throughout the experiment.Temperature: At higher temperatures, the faster moving particles have more kinetic energy. This means they are moving quicker and will collide more often and with more energy, causing an increase in the number of effective collisions.Surface Area: If more surface area is available, the number of particles of the solid reactant available for collision will increase. However, I am d ealing with hydrogen peroxide (liquid) then there isnt a surface area for me to control.Concentration: More concentrated solutions contain more particles in the same space, making them more likely to collide. The increase in the number of collisions with sufficient energy increases the rate of reaction.These explain why I would need to control those factors because they would affect my results dramatically. I will keep them constant:Temperature: room temperature, temperature of hydrogen peroxide (17.C)Surface area: n/aConcentration: 5 volumes (halved the maximum which is 10 volumes, ratio 1:1)However, for room temperature, I will do all experiments in the same room hopefully the temperature remains constant in that one room.Safety:Whilst this experiment is relatively safe, there are still safety considerations that must be adhered to:* Due to the dangerous nature of many of the compounds involved in this experiment, it is important that safety goggles or safety glasses are worn duri ng all tests.* It is equally important to avoid skin contact with the compounds, as some are irritants. This can be done by ensuring that a suitable method is followed precisely so that there are no unexpected events that would lead to skin contact.Accuracy and Reliability:I will take 3 measurements of oxygen produced at each reading I will take. I will then use the arithmetic mean of these measurements in my analysis to calculate average rate of reaction. This should help to minimize unreliable results. Whilst I am doing my experiment, I will note the results down on a table, in order to spot any obvious anomalies.The measurements themselves will be taken as carefully as possible. Time will be measured using the stop-watch (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.1 second), volume of gas produced with the gas syringe (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½), the mass of the powdered manganese oxide with measuring balance (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) and the volume of hydrogen peroxide with a m easuring cylinder (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5ml)Prediction:I predict that the grater the amount of manganese oxide, MnO2, is added to the solution, the greater the rate of reaction decomposition.The formula for this decomposition is:H2O2 (aq) =; 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)Hydrogen peroxide =; Water + OxygenThe manganese dioxide is present to be acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts would lower the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so, the rate of reaction will be increased. Since more catalyst is present, it means there are more surface area of the catalyst so more molecules will be able to react faster.Method:1. Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram.2. Use a measuring cylinder to measure 20ml of hydrogen peroxide and use another measure cylinder to measure 20ml of distilled water.3. Measure 0.02g of manganese oxide using a measuring scale (remember to put a paper tower on the scale first so that manganese oxide wouldnt be able to direct ly touch the scale, which might cause malfunction to the scale if manganese oxide goes in the internal of the scale)4. Put the manganese oxide into a flask and put the 20ml of distilled water into the flask as well.5. Reset (push the gas syringe back to 0cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ if needed) the gas syringe if needed, and then put the 20ml of hydrogen peroxide into the flask and start the stop watch.6. Observe the gas syringe and take note of the volume of gas (in this case oxygen) produced every 10 sec, 20 sec, 30 sec, 40 sec, 50 sec and 60 sec.7. Repeat step 2-6 for 0.04g, 0.06g, 0.08g and 0.1g of manganese oxide but must clean the flask before using it again.8. After obtaining all of the results, repeat each one 2 more times.Diagram:Pretest:I did a few pretests:0.01g manganese oxide and 10 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520203031404150506060By using 0.01g of manganese oxide, the maximum reached is already 60cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, therefore I thought if I used 0.1g, the limit of the gas syringe (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) will be reached with less than 60 sec, so I have decided to try and reduce the concentration and see whether it is a good choice.0.1g manganese oxide and 5 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520313040404950566061Later, I tried using only 10ml of hydrogen peroxide but it wasnt enough for my experiment and it caused a limiting factor very soon in the experiment (when I tested 0.04g of manganese oxide) due to the shortage of hydrogen peroxide molecules for decomposing.The second pretest gave me good range of results to use and it didnt reach the gas syringes limit (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) so that wouldnt limit my results. Also, in the result taking, I realized that I would need a lot of time to refill my catalyst and liquids, therefore I have chosen to only do 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1. This will give me a good range of results to calculate the rate of reaction and also sufficient for supporting my prediction.Obtaining:Here is the tables of results to show the volume of gas produced using different amounts of catalysts. I will also show the average:0.02g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00104343.673.67207687.003.333010111211.004.004014151514.673.675020192019.675.006023232423.333.670.04g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00105876.676.672013141313.336.673020191919.336.004029302829.009.675035353635.336.336042414041.005.670.06g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001010111110.6710.672022212021.0010.333032303331.6710.674040394140.008.335046484646. 676.676051505050.333.670.08g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001018181617.3317.332031302930.0012.673040414140.6710.674048474546.676.005055545554.678.006062616261.677.000.10g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001031313331.6731.672045474545.6714.003053525453.007.334060615960.007.005068676767.337.336073727272.335.00I have taken the chance to add in another column (average gain in gas produced from previous reading) to show whether there is a certain pattern.Analysis:My graph clearly shows that as I increase the amount of manganese oxide, I will increase the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This supports my prediction fully (prediction: the grater the amount of manganese oxide is added to the solution, the greater the rate of re action decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:H2O2 (aq) = 2H2O (l) + O2 (g))We can clearly see that with the line of best fit drawn the points are not that far away from this line, showing a quite strong relationshipThe rate of the decomposition (when the reaction is at its 20th second) for 0.02g of catalyst used is 0.35cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.04g it is 0.67cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.06g it is 1.05cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.08g it is 1.5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec and for 0.10g it is 2.28cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec. This also supports my prediction because the rate of decomposition is increasing when the amount of catalyst increases. I chose to use 20th second into the reaction to calculate the rate because at the 20th second, all the reactions hasnt yet used up or near used up the hydrogen peroxides, therefore not reaching the point where there arent enough, which will cause a slow down in the rate.In theory, the graph should show a steep gradient at the beginning of the decomposition. By looking at th e graph, it does show a steeper gradient at the beginning but not for the line of best fit of 0.02g and 0.04g, this might be because the rate of decomposition is too slow to see any real effect. However, the other 3 lines show a steep gradient in the beginning. The end of the lines (0.06g, 0.08g and 0.10g) all tend to approach a point where it will stop the reaction (can be seen by the curve). The line for 0.10g has the greatest curve. This is because there are most catalyst compared to the others, therefore increases the rate of decomposition the fastest. The manganese oxide has therefore acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts has lowered the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so the rate of reaction has increased. So the more manganese oxide means lowering the activation energy more effectively. A catalyst basically works like:If without catalyst, the energy for the reaction to take place is relatively high, but if a catalyst is ad ded, the activation energy lowers, therefore enabling the reactants to react with less energy. The activation energy of the reaction is about 75 kJ/mol in the absence of catalyst. The activation energy of the reaction is about 58 kJ/mol if manganese oxide is added to the reaction.However, towards the bottom end of the graph the lines (0.06g, 0.08g, 0.10g) are a lot shallower compared to the start. This shallower lines show that it is finding it hard to produce oxygen at a fast rate because there are not enough molecules left to decompose itself.Some of the results could be wrong, however I can still pull some conclusions from this and one is that we can definitely see that as the amount of manganese oxide increases, the faster oxygen is produced.Evaluation:Overall I think I carried out this investigation to my greatest capabilities.The data that I collected was fairly reliable because of the strong correlation and the accuracy of my experiment was reasonable. It also was enough to s upport my prediction. However, there are some anomalies which might be caused by several errors such as:1. The measuring balance wasnt exactly accurate because sometimes the more I add, the more the mass reading on the balance decreases.2. My reaction time, because even though I try my fastest to obtain the results, I will still be around 0.5 1.5 sec off from the correct time to take the results.There was also a big problem:As soon as the Manganese Dioxide touched the Hydrogen Peroxide, oxygen was produced straightaway. So I lost quite a lot of gas before we put the bung on. I tried to counter this problem by adding the hydrogen peroxide last because liquid is easy to transfer to the flask compared to transferring manganese oxide because the powder might possibly stick to the top of the flask and unable to go down to the hydrogen peroxide. Also, I started the countdown the second the bung was fitted on properly as soon as the oxygen was going up the flask.A major cause for concern on accuracy was the reading of the overall measurement of the oxygen produced but also the measurements of hydrogen peroxide and water used for the experiment. So if these miss-readings were carried out through the whole investigation then my results will be quite a long way out.Looking back on experiment I believe that there are many ways to improve it. One way is the accuracy of the measuring of the catalyst this can be done by requesting a new scale which should not have any chances of any faulty measurements. This would make every measurement of catalyst I take virtually no faults at all.My graph is very basic and one way to improve this will be to increase my range of tests, this will allow me to know where exactly the point where no more oxygen can be created is. Maybe doing until 2 minutes (120 sec) will allow me to locate where it is. I think the timing was as accurate and reliable as it could be, but only a second or third experiment would back that up fully. The equipment we used was reasonable but not the best, but for the conditions we were based in it was the best we were going to get.I could investigate on what type of catalysts is more effective for the speeding up of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Possible catalyst selections include:* Manganese IV oxide (MnO2)* Zinc oxide (ZnO)* Lead IV oxide (PbO2)* Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)* Iron III oxide (Fe2O3)* Copper II oxide (CuO)* Copper III oxide (Cu2O)This might help me understand more about catalyst and what type of metals are best for catalysts, such as: transition metals.I could investigate on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and keeping the catalyst constant, and also I can investigate on the effects of pH with rates of reaction.

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