The Religion Islam - 1796 Words

| The Religion Islam | The Religion Islam What is Islam? The word Islam means submission to the will of God. The religion of Islam is the acceptance of and obedience to the teachings of God which the Muslims—followers of Islam—believe God revealed to his last prophet. Muslims believe that there is only one God. The Arabic word for God is Allah which means, the one and only true God who created the whole universe. According to Muslims, God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach them how to live according to His law. To the Muslims, Jesus, Moses and Abraham are respected as prophets of God. Muslims believed in the prophets as messengers of God, but according to their beliefs, God’s final message to man was revealed by the†¦show more content†¦The fifth belief of the Muslims is to believe in the Day of Judgment. Muslims believe in the Day of Judgment which is the day of resurrection, when all people will be resurrected for God’s judgment according to their beliefs and deeds. The last belief of the Muslims is to believe in Al-Qadar. Muslims believe in Al-Qadar, which is divine predestination, but this belief in divine predestination does not mean that human beings do not have free will. Rather, Muslims believe that God has given human beings free will. This means that they can choose right or wrong and that they are responsible for their choices. The belief in Divine Predestination includes belief in four things: God knows everything. He knows what has happened and what will happen, God has recorded all that has happened and all that will happen, whatever God wills to happen happens, and whatever He wills not to happen does not happen and God is the creator of everything. Muslims believe the Sunnah is the practical example of the Prophet Muhammad and that there are five basic pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam are the five obligations that every Muslim must fulfill in order to live a good and responsible life according to Islam. These pillars are the confession of faith, praying five times aShow MoreRelatedThe Religion Of Islam And Islam1544 Words   |  7 Pagesand Islam are not exclusive and need not to be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles of justice and progress, tolerance and the dignity of all human beings† (Barack Obama). For many decades, in most cultures, religious pra ctice has been a controversial issue, because each religion competes demonstrating that their practices are the true path to God. Religious tolerance is very important because followers should be free to choose their own religion. Some religions areRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Islam Essay2012 Words   |  9 PagesIslam is one of the oldest religions in the world, and with that has one of the biggest populations of followers and worshipers. However, it is also a very misunderstood religion. Muslims are extremely religious people, and they strictly follow the Qur’an, however in the past there have been incidences, in which Arabs have done harm. These acts of few had a negative impact on the lives of many. After these events terroristic events took place, non-Muslims began to fear all Arabs and target them asRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Islam2646 Words   |  11 PagesIslam is Peace said by George W Bush the U.S. President at Islamic Center of Washington, D.C after the t errible 9/11 attacks. The president’s speech’s main point was to calm down the American streets and the fear inside the citizens towards Muslims people. However, Islam is a religion that is found globally and guided by the Sharia laws which are in their religious book called the Quran. They worship their God Allah through his messenger Mohammed. Islam is prohibiting its followers from the democracyRead MoreIslam Religion1105 Words   |  5 PagesIslam is not only a religion but also a civilization since it is represented by over one billion Muslims and over 50 Muslim states. Emerging as a civilization influenced by religious beliefs and practices, Islam influenced different groups of people in diverse stages of history and in different countries. A major part of the Islamic faith is the strong belief in an afterlife. Muslims spend their life preparing for their death and the bliss they will face if they follow the rules and life style ofRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Islam3231 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT The religion of Islam has become a controversial issue in today’s 21st century. In spite of excessively negative representations by Western propaganda, increasing numbers of the population are pursuing to learn more about the wonderful religion of Islam. More frequently than not, these people are becoming more pleasantly startled by the product of their exploration. In fact, increasing numbers of people are embracing Islam nowadays then they did prior to the horrific attacks on SeptemberRead MoreIslam Religion2627 Words   |  11 PagesPeter Youmans Class: RS 130 â€Å"Intro to Comparative Religion† Date: October, 19 2012 I grew up in a household that believed in Christianity and we went to church every Sunday. That church was my foundation, my love and honestly, it was all I knew. At that time, in my community anything other than Christianity just wasn’t accepted and I often wondered why. Although I thoroughly love Christianity, I still wanted to explore our other worldly religions. In doing this paper, I realized that this wasRead MoreReligion of Islam3119 Words   |  13 Pagesunderstand about Islam is what the word Islam itself means. The religion of Islam is not named after a person as in the case of Christianity which was named after Jesus Christ, Buddhism after Gotama Buddha, Confucianism after Confucius, and Marxism after Karl Marx. Nor was it named after a tribe like Judaism after the tribe of Judah and Hinduism after the Hindus. Islam is the true religion of Allah and as such, its name represents the central principle of Allahs Gods religion; the total submissionRead MoreReligio n of Islam3105 Words   |  13 Pagesunderstand about Islam is what the word Islam itself means. The religion of Islam is not named after a person as in the case of Christianity which was named after Jesus Christ, Buddhism after Gotama Buddha, Confucianism after Confucius, and Marxism after Karl Marx. Nor was it named after a tribe like Judaism after the tribe of Judah and Hinduism after the Hindus. Islam is the true religion of Allah and as such, its name represents the central principle of Allahs Gods religion; the total submissionRead MoreIslamic Religion Of Islam And Islam2553 Words   |  11 Pagesthese four words establish the fundamental explanation of the word Islam. A deep study of Islamic teachings and thought reveals that Islam is a religion of peace, security and protection; the true believers in the sight of God and His Messenger are those who embody those qualities. The dominant religion of Islam has been the center of much attention and controversy in today’s civilization. The Western perspective subjugates Islam and the Muslim counterparts as violent, aggressive, deviant and terroristic;Read MoreIslam : A Unique Religion1208 Words   |  5 PagesIslam is a unique religion that was founded by a prophet named Muhammad in the 7th century. The religion came at a time when various religions such as Judaism, Christians and other polytheistic religions dominated. The previous religions managed to coexist and even share common grounds such as the Ka’aba. Both Islam and Christian religions were based off of tradition and customs from the tribe’s fathers before them. Their religious customs ran rapid throughout the Mediterranean and especially in

Graduation Speech My Educational History Essay - 992 Words

There are a variety of teachers that are aware of the things his or her student will remember, but they never realize that the majority of these students will carry these memories with them. The way in which teachers, schools, and school districts decide what they do, will greatly and directly impact the way a student performs throughout the rest of his or her life. Recalling my educational history, there are many things that I remember that my teachers and mentors did and said that have and are impacting me up until this day. The very first thing that I can recall is when I was in an early childhood program called Head Start. This program prepared children for further education by helping them memorize the alphabet, count numbers, problem-solving, and much more. It gave many children, including myself, a head start on life and education, hence its name. This programs, in fact, helped me excel in preschool because I already knew the majority of the content. After attending Head Start and preschool, I attended elementary school. I was grateful to attend a very caring elementary school, Nancy Hill Elementary School located in Aurora, Illinois. At this school, I had the opportunity to be taught by great and caring teachers. This school was also directed by the sweetest principal in the entire world, Ms. Larry. Through the perspective of students, Ms. Larry was always talking to the students and she was always finding a way to interact with the students. For instance, I willShow MoreRelatedWalden University And My Future802 Words   |  4 PagesI am finally at the end of my journey and my graduate degree from Walden University is almost in my hand. Walden has asked me to give a speech at the graduation ceremony. When I was asked to do this, I was not sure what I would say. I spent some time thinking about my past year at Walden, and all of the things that I learned. I went from not knowing what to say when I was originally asked to having an abundance of thing s I could say about Walden. My future is bright thanks to Walden UniversityRead MoreDwight D. Eisenhower: The 34th American President Essay721 Words   |  3 Pagesother sons. His educational background consists of U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York which he graduated in 1915. As a child he was involved in an accident that caused his brother to lose an eye, he later said that that gave him the understanding to be protective over those under him. Dwight also developed a keen interest in exploring outdoor. Eisenhower’s mother, Ida was completely against war but Eisenhower grew to see a liking for it reading his collection of history books first parkedRead MoreUnderstanding The Current Epistemological Understanding1627 Words   |  7 Pagesconfident in what I am teaching my students. I have this confidence because the information I will teach will have been researched and proven to be true. For example, when teaching science or math (or really any subject), I will use methods, formulas, equations, etc. that have been used for numerous years before me. This would demonstrate a sense of empiricism within my educational pedagogy and teaching met hods. Moreover, when it comes to implementing Biblical principles into my classroom, I can be confidentRead MoreChapter 6 : Philosophies Of Education1332 Words   |  6 Pageseducation- that influences what and how students are taught. A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about the purpose of schooling, a teacher s role, and what should be taught and by what methods. For instance, the mission statement of my school district is: â€Å"commitment to promoting the fullest development of [its] students in mind, body and heart. While deeply rooted in past traditions, its goal today is to produce well-rounded, socially responsible, independent thinkers through anRead MoreEssay On The Gettysburg Address1582 Words   |  7 PagesRights Movement, better known as Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28,1963, nearly one hundred years after Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the keynote address at the â€Å"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.† The speech began with familiarity, â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon of light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been searedRead MoreCivil Rights Leader And Lawyer1606 Words   |  7 Pagesthey raised up to fight unity, freedom, and justice. They were capable in maintain their courageous, self-transcendence, resistance and hope against all oppression mentally and physically. The years of earlier liberation and struggle led to unbroken history of black resistance to slavery (Carson 1991, p.31). It became the immediate movement toward freedom in this country. They counted on hope, revealed to everyone their courageous manifestations around the world and it produced their powerful ideologiesRead MoreConsequences of the American Civil Rights Act of 19641192 Words   |  5 PagesRights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted on July 2nd, 1964) is a milestone in the law history of the United States of America, which prohibited major forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices and public accommodations. In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the signing the act, President Obama delivered a speech in which he presented himself as the living, walking, talking and governing embodiment of the landmarkRead MoreAiding The Future. Beginning At A Very Early Age, Children1692 Words   |  7 Pageslate nineteenth and early twentieth centuries gave birth to both functional and clinical psychology, which are at the core of school psychology practices. â€Å"By 1910, some special education services were in place in many urban and rural communities† (Histor y of...). With these services emerging, professionals were called on to help aid in the process of helping target and diagnose younger patients’ problems. Hence, school psychologists became to be known as the masters of special education, with thisRead More Graduation Speech Essay1978 Words   |  8 Pagesgreatly appreciate sharing my journey with you. I believe the greater the difficulty, the greater the glory and the glory is what we celebrate tonight. When I was first asked to speak in front of the graduation committee, I said to myself, I cant do this, what do I have to say anyway, I dont have time, Im in the middle of midterms and its just something else I have to prepare for. After pondering over all these excuses, Im here and I have an answer to my own questions. The reasonRead More Toward an Ethics for Being Educated Essay2975 Words   |  12 Pagescompletion or graduation. In other words, actual learning is not the criterion for calling a person educated. This may explain the comment that a persons education cant be taken away. The second sense specifies characteristics of persons. They may be about what is to be learned or possessed to qualify for program completion or graduation. As there are differing school programs and educational doctrines there would be differing accounts of being educated. Diversity of educational institutions indicates

Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century †Click on Solution

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. Answer: Introduction Supply chain management is the back bone of an organisation and play a significant role in its overall success. Supply chain management is defined as the management of flow of goods and services across different stages of supply chain(Hugos, 2011). It is the management of flow of information, funds and products from one stage to other. This report aims at analysing the effectiveness of four key flows in Sonys supply chain, its make process and the supply chain forecasting. Based on the outcomes of analysis, suitable recommendations are offered in relation to supply chain management concepts and theories. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, Sony Corporation is a multinational conglomerate consumer electronics company which specializes in the design, manufacturing and sales of diversified electronic equipments, devices, instruments, game consoles and software for professional, consumer and industrial markets(Sony Corporation, 2016). Sony Corporation is a recognised name in consumer electronics and occupies second position in the world behind Matsushita Electric Corporation. The primary segments of Sony include Mobile Communications, Imaging products and solutions, Game and network services, Home entertainment and sound, Pictures, Devices, Financial Services, Music etc. The company is also engaged in the acquisition, production and distribution of television programming and motion pictures. Sonys mission is to become a company that can fulfil and inspire the curiosity of its global consumers. The companys pursuit for innovation, unlimited passion for content, technology and services, enable the delivery of ground-breaking entertainment and new excitement in a way that serves as a competitive advantage against rivals. Sony indulges in responsible supply chain management and is recognised worldwide for having developed one of the worlds more effective, efficient and ethical supply chains(Sony, 2016). The company manufactures its products in different parts across the globe to effectively and efficiently meet the demands of its customers and sources only from supplier that share common social and environmental values. The Key Flows in Sonys Supply Chain A supply chain comprises of five main stages namely, customers, retailers, wholesalers or distributors, manufacturers and components or raw material suppliers(Boyer Verma, 2009). Each stage within a supply chain is connected with the flow of information, products, funds and returns. Different stages within a supply chain have different ownerships; however they work in close coordination with each other to share a common goal of satisfying the expectations of end customers. To achieve this goal it is important to emphasize on the effectiveness of four basic flows connecting different stages of supply chain. Flow of physical goods and services, flow of cash, flow of information and reverse flow of returned goods must take place in an effective manner to smoothen the overall functioning of supply chain(Christopher, 2013). Sony in this case is the manufacturer who sources its components and raw materials from suppliers across the globe and sells its finished products directly and throug h intermediaries like wholesalers, distributors and retailers. Sonys Supply chain illustrating different stages and four key flows across the stages is shown in diagram below. Sonys Supply Chain Fig.1. Source: Made by Student (2016) Flow of physical good and services: Sony has developed a responsible supply chain wherein the company has shown long term commitment in carrying out its supply chain operations in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. The company sources its components and other raw materials from suppliers that comply with its ethical code of conduct called Sony Group Code of Conduct and share common ethical values(Sony, 2016). The company carries out its transportation and distribution operations in an environmental friendly manner and ensure that they contribution towards environmental pollution remains negligible. Flow of physical goods and services occur in a downstream between stages as shown in figure. Flow of Information: Sonys is recognised worldwide for the smooth functioning of its supply chain. Success of any supply chain greatly depends on the way flow of information is managed back and forth along different stages(Myerson, 2012). Information flows both in forward and backward direction in Sonys supply chain. Sony has partnered with the worlds largest Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software service provider helping the company effectively manage the flow of information back and forth its supply chain(Ferrari, 2009). Flow of Cash: Flow of cash in Sonys supply chain occurs effectively upstream from the customer to intermediaries, to Sony and them to its suppliers. Sony collects money from its customers and intermediaries and mostly maintains a Net 90 days term with its suppliers to maintain the desired liquidity of cash level which help the company protect itself from severe liquidity problems (Ferrari, 2009). Flow of Return products: The return of product flow is also termed as reverse supply chain for products that require replacement or repairs is managed effective by Sony. The company has partnered with specialised reverse logistics operators that utilise different arrangements when compared to operators managing forward logistics for the company. Sony has moved from specialisation to comprehensive thinking to achieve success in reverse logistics(Hemming, 2007). Taking an integrated approach to reverse materials planning has helped the company save huge costs on returns logistics. Sony effectively managed the four key flows of products, cash, information and return products in its supply chain, however the company needs to improve its flow of return products to make its supply chain more cost-effective. It is recommended to outsource the process of reverse logistics to other companies that have expertise in the same as process of reverse logistics is different as compared to forward logistics. Outsourcing the process will not only help saving the cost spent on maintaining an inhouse team but will also help improving the process. The Make Process The overall success of any organisation depends greatly on its ability to maintain a balance between demand and supply. Manufacturers cannot wait till they receive confirmed customer orders before starting production they need to plan ahead for production so that they are always ready to deliver enough products to consumers. Their production schedules are based on demand forecasts. Proven production planning and scheduling process help Sony drive end-to-end supply chain optimisation(JDA: Plan to deliver, 2015). Production planning process at Sony is cascaded into three stages. First stage involves development of an Aggregate Production Plan (APP) which is a long-range materials plan and helps the company determine the needed capacity to produce estimated number of units in a few years time. Production capacity of the firm needs to be expanded in case growth is predicted. For example Sony Corporation in the year, 2014 announced their plans to invest in the expansion of Sony Semiconduc tor Corporation's Nagasaki Technology Center ("Nagasaki TEC") and Kumamoto Technology Center ("Kumamoto TEC") to expand its production capacity as per its APP(Sony, 2014). Second stage involves development of a Master Production Plan (MPP) which is a medium term plan and has a detailed structure as compared to APP. This plan helps the company determine the quantity and lead time of end products that will be delivered to consumers. For example, Sony is planning to produce 50000 units of Smartphones with 8.0 mega pixel cameras to meet the demand forecast of year 2017. The companys current inventory can support production of 40000 units but for another 10000 units they will have to release purchase order to vendors(Sony, 2014). Development of a detailed Master Production Plan helps the company effectively manage their supply chain activities to meet this medium term target. Third stage involves development of a Materials Requirement Plan (MRP) which is a short-term plan often covering a period of days/weeks (Jung, et al., 2007). MRP involves detailed planning of components and raw materials that will be required to support MPP. The plan comprises of complete details of what items are required, in what quantity, when and where. The production planning and scheduling process at Sony is illustrated in diagram below. Fig.2. Source: Made by Student (2016) Production planning starts with generation of demand forecast based on which Bill of Materials (BOM) is created(Kersten, et al., 2012). Current inventory is evaluated to input the details for requirements into scheduling process. Production order to issues if all components and raw materials required as present in current inventory, other purchase order is generated to purchase required inventory. Materials resource planning facilitates scheduling process which in turn enhances the overall effectiveness of production process. Master Production Schedule that list the items required to meet medium term plans, planning date, inventory status records and bills of materials are the inputs to Materials Planning Process(Singh, et al., 2013). Unused inventory is moved ahead to be used in next forecast demand cycle. Sony has effectively managed its make process however there have been incidents in the past that they can produced a particular product in huge amount as per the demand forecast b ut due to change in technology and competition it could not meet its sales targets and had to suffer inventory loses. Techniques like JIT and Lean can help the company prevent inventory losses. Just-in-time manufacturing strategies have helped companies like Dell, Samsung and Toyota increase efficiency of their production systems and decrease waste by receiving goods just when they are needed in the production process, enabling reduction of inventory costs(JDA: Plan to deliver, 2015). This method requires accurate information as input from forecast demand planning system. The Supply Chain Forecasting Demand forecasting is an important component of supply chain management and helps an organisation attain a balance between projected demand and available supply. Determining the most suitable forecasting method is a complex process especially when a large product line is the subject. Some of the most commonly used forecasting methods are Moving averages, exponential smoothing, regression analysis, hybrid forecasting methods, decomposition forecasting methods and custom forecasting models. Moving averages forecasting model projects forward the average of past actual. This model works on the assumption that recent past represents the future (Vanguard Software Corporation, 2016). The moving averages forecasting model works best for products that change little and presents steady trends. As Sony is a leader in innovation and it has to introduce new innovative products in the market very frequently to match industry trends and maintain its competitive advantage, the moving averages foreca sting model is not suited for Sony. Exponential smoothing is referred to as the advanced form of time series forecasting (Vanguard Software Corporation, 2016). This forecasting method possess the ability to capture recurring patterns and trends by emphasizing more from current data and information and smoothing out noise or fluctuations that is created by data randomness. Exponential smoothing compared to moving average is a better forecasting method option for Sony. Regression analysis forecasting model can also be used by Sony to determine the relationship between demand drivers and demand(Vanguard Software Corporation, 2016). This will help the company keep a track of rapidly changing trends and technology, thus keeping in pace with competitors. Conclusion Sony Corporation is recognised worldwide for the smooth functioning of its supply chain which in turn helps the company achieve and retain a competitive advantage against rivals. The company indulge in responsible supply chain management wherein they carry out their supply chain operations in a socially and environmentally responsible manner and sources all their components and raw materials from supplier who share common values and adhere to Sony Corporate Code of Conduct. The company effectively manages the flow of physical products and services, flow of information, flow of cash and flow of return products across different stages of its supply chain. However to make its supply chain more cost effective they should consider outsourcing their reverse logistics process to specialised vendors. Sony has effectively managed its make process however to further control their production and inventory cost they should implement production techniques such as Just-in-time or Lean production. Moving averages, exponential smoothing and regression analysis models are the most commonly used models of demand forecasting. However, Exponential smoothing and regression analysis models will be more suitable for Sony as they possess the ability to capture current trends and technological advancements. References Boyer, K. Verma, R., (2009) Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. New York: Cengage Learning. Christopher, M., (2013) Logistics and Supply Chain Management. London: Pearson UK. Ferrari, B., (2009) Sonys Supply Chain Challenges. [Online] Available at: https://www.theferrarigroup.com/supply-chain-matters/2009/05/22/sonys-supply-chain-challenges/ [Accessed 2016]. Hemming, E. M., (2007) Comprehensive Thinking Drives Reverse Logistics Success at Sony Ericsson. [Online] Available at: https://www.reverselogisticstrends.com/rlmagazine/edition07p25.php [Accessed 2016]. Hugos, M. H., (2011) Essentials of Supply Chain Management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. JDA: Plan to deliver, (2015) Production Planning Scheduling. [Online] Available at: https://jda.com/~/media/jda/knowledge-center/brochures/planning-scheduling-brochure.ashx [Accessed 2016]. Jung, H., Chen, F. F. Jeong, B., (2007) Trends in Supply Chain Design and Management: Technologies and Methodologies. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Kersten, W., Blecker, T. Ringle, C. M., (2012) Managing the Future Supply Chain: Current Concepts and Solutions for Reliability and Robustness. Frankfurt: BoD Books on Demand. Myerson, P., (2012) Lean Supply Chain and Logistics Management. Chicago: McGraw Hill Professional. Singh, C. D., Singh, R., Mand, J. S. Singh, S., (2013) Application of Lean and JIT Principles in Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Management Research and Business Strategy, 2(1), pp. 85-98. Sony Corporation, (2016) About Sony. [Online] Available at: https://www.sony.com/electronics/about-sony [Accessed 2016]. Sony, (2014) Sony increases production capacity for stacked CMOS image sensors. [Online] Available at: https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201407/14-070E/ [Accessed 2016]. Sony, (2016) Basic Philosophy of Supply Chain Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/procurementinfo/activities/ [Accessed 2016]. Vanguard Software Corporation, (2016) Forecasting Methods, Models, Techniques. [Online] Available at: https://www.vanguardsw.com/business-forecasting-101/moving-averages/Forecasting Methods, Models, Techniques [Accessed 2016].

Woodrow Wilsons War Address To Congress A Rhetorical Analysis Essays

Woodrow Wilson's War Address To Congress: A Rhetorical Analysis A Rhetorical Analysis Of Woodrow Wilson's War Address to Congress With the status of the country's belligerency heavily in question, an apprehensive President Woodrow Wilson prepared to request from an unmotivated and unprepared country a declaration of war against Germany. After exerting every attempt possible to retain the peace and honor of the United States, the President was finally forced to choose between the two, in which he opted for the latter (Seymour 26). As he sat down to compose his congressional address proposing war, the uncertainty of his decision overwhelmed him. He confided to a member of his cabinet, Frank Cobb, that he had never been as unsure about anything in his life as the judgment he was making for the nation (Baker 506). Through a rhetorical analysis of Wilson's points of argumentation and his style in the presentation to the war congress, we can gain a better understanding of the president's purpose to not only convince the Congress that American belligerency in the final stages of the war would indefinitely shorten it and provide him with the opportunity to organize the peace for Europe as well as the rest of the world (Ferrell 2), but to sway the American people's opinion to one of non-isolationism, to warn Germany's government that ?America would ultimately wield a powerful sword to deny them victory? (Parsons 2), to compel German citizens to relinquish the submarine attacks and negotiate peace and his terms (Parsons 2), and to calm his own uncertainty about his decision. The need for Wilson's speech and the current mindset of the American public were a direct result of a succession of antagonistic events in Europe that were rapidly effecting the United States. As the task of remaining neutral became increasingly unfeasible due to numerous insults by the British and German governments, Wilson was forced to shift his foreign policy into a more internationalist scope, a path which the majority of Americans failed to follow (Boyer 791). The same man who was reelected in 1916 on the platform ?he kept us out of war?, who delivered the ?peace without victory? speech, who urged his country to remain neutral ?in action? as well as ?in thought? was now asking Congress to approve American entry into the war. As President Wilson confronted the nation on the evening of April 2, 1917, he presented a case of past offenses coupled with present circumstances in hopes of providing a more effective case for leading America into war (Blakey, 2). He employed antecedent-consequence throughout the beginning of his address to warrant his call for belligerency. By recapitulating the events of German abomination as seen most profoundly in the sinking of United States vessels, Wilson let the record speak for itself. He appealed to the sense of compassion in his audience with the mention of ?hospital ships as ships carrying aid to the stricken people of Belgium....have been sunk with the same reckless lack of concern or principle? (Baker 510) It was these ?hard-hitting charges of outrage and insult by Germany? that stirred Wilson's listeners (Baker 514). He continued to relate events of the past to his present standpoint by admitting that he was at first ?unable to believe that such things could be done by any government? (Safire 110), but as American lives were unjustly taken he realized that the German government had disregarded all respect for international law and had declared war against mankind (Baker 510). This war ?against mankind? Wilson defined as the intent of German submarines to take the lives of innocent, uninvolved citizens, whose activities, being supplying aid to bereaved nations or exporting goods on merchant ships, have always been deemed as inoffensive and legitimate pursuits, by no means worthy of assault (Safire 111). Wilson contrasted the British's interference with neutral trade as slight compared to the immediate and intense conflict with Germany over submarine warfare, illustrated by the comment ?Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot be? (Safire 111). The President went on to offer another definition in hopes of justifying his call to war. He labeled the conflict as ?a war against all nations? exemplifying the distress that other countries have experienced due to the unbiased and relentless bombing of their own neutral ships (Safire 111). By associating the United States with other friendly countries who are also at odds with Germany, Wilson's cry for war seemed more convincing. He went on to assert that the choice made by the U.S must be befitting to the singular characteristics of the country

Women as Change Agents

Most business leaders and employers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of workplace flexibility with the increasing number of jobseekers who would prefer to work on a flexible schedule rather than work in a highly paying job with a tight schedule. Therefore, more and more employers are seeking options and programs to implement workplace flexibility in their organizations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Women as Change Agents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there is a notable gap in workplace flexibility between men and women. In fact, some business leaders such as Kathleen Christensen believe that flexibility for women in the workplace is a social and structural issue. This is a fact considering that the traditional workplace was designed to fit the male workers because they could afford to work full-time without taking breaks to attend to other social imperatives such as care-givin g responsibilities (Richard Heffiner’s Open Mind, 2005, para. 3). Furthermore, most career paths were designed in such a way that people got employed in their early twenties, advanced through ranks, and retired in their sixties. This type of career path does not fit the needs of parents especially women who are currently contributing to almost half of the workforce. In the long run, people end up working for 80 hours and over while neglecting important social responsibilities such as child rearing, cooking, and cleaning. Therefore, it is obvious that this workplace structure does not fit the working parents, and hence, it is important to allow more flexibility in jobs in order to enable parents attend to other equally important matters (Richard Heffner’s Open Mind, 2005, para. 2-6). On the other hand, various factors underlie the historical trends in women’s flexibility in the workplace. According to Domenico and Jones (2006, p. 1), women have been subjects of c riticism throughout history with some critics viewing working women as immoral, unfeminine, objects of pity, and negligent mothers. Therefore, for a woman, having a career was a challenge considering their responsibilities and duties as mothers and wives, which could compromise their professional responsibilities. Because of these simultaneous work-family demands, it was difficult for most women to put their career aspirations first, and thus, their careers were significantly affected (Domenico Jones, 2006, p. 1).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, despite most women joining the workforce in large numbers over the years, their success in achieving career goals and objectives have been dwarfed by different factors including working in low-paying and less flexible jobs such as sales, nursing, social work, and teaching; or remaining in some conventional careers that could only afford them inflexible job opportunities. These factors are also closely related to stereotypical occupational roles designated to the male and female genders, which subsequently cause discrepancies in income, opportunities for growth, and career advancements between the two genders (Domenico Jones, 2006, pp. 2-7). Accordingly, two schools of thought have arose in an attempt to highlight the factors affecting women’s pay (gender wage gap) in the workforce while taking note that women are likely to earn about two-thirds of what is paid to males with comparable qualifications and experience (Domenico Jones, 2006, p. 1). According to the human capital explanation, women are bound to earn less because their labor and hence productivity are divided between the family and work in comparison to men. Thus, the family responsibilities influence the working woman’s decisions when it comes to investing in education and devoting time to professional work. For exa mple, since women are expected to remain in the workforce for fewer years compared to men, it is obvious that they will invest less in obtaining work-related skills. Overall, less investment in work-related skills, lower productivity, discontinuous work history, and skill depreciation among most working women are the main factors driving the discrepancies in wages between women and men (Levine, 2003, p. 9). On the other hand, the discrimination school of thought holds that the work-related variables and sex segregation determine the gender wage gap. For example, men and women are bound to be clustered into different occupational groups whose pay grades are different. Hence, since most women are excluded from well-paying jobs through occupational segregation, their pay is also low compared to men (Levine, 2003, p. 11). The underlying factors affecting women’s workplace flexibility and income notwithstanding, the number of working women is projected to increase in the next 10 y ears considering that most women are venturing into the once male-dominated careers such as finance, construction, and engineering. The same trend can also be noted from the rising number of women-owned firms and businesses most of which are non-farm businesses.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Women as Change Agents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These businesses have been contributing a significant percentage of revenues generated from non-farm businesses in America while employing more than 7 million workers. Therefore, it is hereby hypothesized that as more and more employers fail to meet the flexibility requirements of most working women, more and more career women will turn to women-owned businesses, which have shown a solid growth according to statistics taken in 1997-2002. Therefore, most employer firms are challenged to embrace workplace flexibility in their organizations if at all they are to rec ruit and retain talented and experienced workers especially the career women in the contemporary society (Levine, 2003, pp. 13-19). References Domenico, D.M., Jones, K.H. (2006). Career aspirations of women in the 20th Century. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 22(2), 1-7. Levine, L. (2003). The gender wage gap and pay equity: Is comparable worth the next step? USA: The Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. Richard Heffner’s Open Mind. (2005). Women as change agents in America, Part I. The Thirteen Editorial Services. Web. This case study on Women as Change Agents was written and submitted by user Frederick Marquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Police

The Police Bittner?s definition of the police is a great definition. They do exactly that, control what needs to be controlled. After reading how many police there are on average per town in the USA, I believe that there is not even close to enough police officers per town. How can an average of 10 officers take care of a town that has a population of 10,000. There are so many crimes that can be completed with the police not even knowing it happened until many days later.A good example of how the America?s law enforcement was little to nothing in the early days is the movie Gangs of New York. In this movie gangs essentially run the whole city and murder, rape, and robbery were not uncommon things to see in the America after the Revolutionary War. There are three duties that the police officer holds. They are crime fighting, peace keeping, and providing social services.South Australian Police officers wearing duty belt...Out of the three duties I believe that officer usually neglect the third du ty, which is providing social services.An example of this is one of my past experiences. In Hartford I asked a police officer if it was okay to cross the street because officers were conducting traffic. One officer said yes as the other was directing traffic right into my friend and me. The car hit us in the legs and knocked us off of our feet. Instead of helping us, the officer directing traffic told us that it was our fault and to get out of the road. I was irate because he didn?t provide me with any social services at all (not even an ?are you alright).The police can sort of be a contradictory group in the sense of a corrupt police officer. Police officers can actually be...

William James, The Will to Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William James, The Will to Believe - Essay Example James begins his speech by comparing possible reactions to one hypothesis over another. He uses the scientific term of hypothesis to make a point that that anything which a man strives to prove is, after all, a hypothesis which can never really be proven. Choices as to which hypothesis will be chosen are referred to as an option. According to James there are three types of options: it is either living or dead, forced or avoidable, momentous or trivial. Which option is chosen depends upon who it is being proposed to. A live option is one which must make some kind of appeal to personal appeal. A forced option is one in which the chooser must make a choice as opposed to avoiding the circumstance altogether. A momentous option is one which presents a unique opportunity which has the potential to be life-changing. James states that some beliefs are just that: they are faith-based and they are believed regardless of scientific fact or evidence. His examples, such as that of whether or not we believe that pictures of Abraham Lincoln prove his existence or that we are sick when lying abed stricken with rheumatism, point to the finding that most of what we believe is, after all, really subjective.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells - Essay Example mstance, the development of fuel cells helps in reducing dependence on fossil fuels hence reducing the levels of toxic and poisonous emissions to the atmosphere. However, this form of energy exemplified by proton exchange membrane fuel cells has to compete with reliability, cost and energy efficiency with established energy sources. The commercialization of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells are closely related to vital materials considerations including performance, durability and cost. The major setback is to find a combination of materials that will give a valid outcome on the basis of the above three mentioned factors. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is also referred to as the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. This is so because the name variant depends on the type of electrolyte employed in the model. When the membrane is conveniently hydrated, the fuel cell is referred to as the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. In this case, there is high conductivity of protons across the polymeric membrane. Various state of the art proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been developed. Exemplified by thinner membranes of less than 40 micrometers and smaller Pt/C electrodes, some fuel cells have been devised for cost reduction. However, these models have demonstrated significantly less operating time of close to 15, 000 hours. This called for the invention of an ion-conductive polymeric membrane as a gas electron barrier. This idea was first coined by William T. Grubb of the General Electric Company in 1955. Currently, the most widely employed membrane electrolyte is DuPont’s Nafion . This is because it possesses good chemical and mechanical stability in the challenging proton exchange membrane fuel cell environment. Basically, the physical structure of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprises of seven components. These are feeding channels, diffusion layers, catalytic layer in the anode, membrane; catalytic layer, diffusion layer and

Key aspects of Wal-Mart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Key aspects of Wal-Mart - Assignment Example By integrating all the players within the supply chain, conflicts can be avoided as all players are integrated into a leaner operating model which generates relatively similar results for all. (Ireland) Information exchange, effective communication and partnering at various stages of the supply chain can also ensure decision rights are realigned to provide space to every player in the overall supply chain of the organization. Some of the conflicts which can arise as a result of having different objectives include conflicts on the margins, delivery schedules, production quantities, freight charges etc. Since Wal-Mart also has an advanced level of IT system in place therefore it can share with its larger suppliers its data which can reduce such conflicts as vendors can easily track the production requirements and schedule the deliveries accordingly. A strong information technology system can help large firms to easily share the data with vendors to avoid any conflicts. One of the key b enefits achieved by Wal-Mart through its effective and efficient supply chain is that of the lower prices. Wal-Mart has been successful because of its ability to lower the prices for its end customers and this has only been achieved through a strong focus on cost cutting and achieving efficiencies in its operations. Since, supply chain is the key to the success of managing inventories at desired level therefore it becomes important for Wal-Mart to actually reduce costs and improve its supply chain to pass on the benefits of savings to its customers in the form of low prices.

30 Doradus Image Tour

30 Doradus Image Tour Image Tour 30 Doradus as a image tour and I chose this tour because it is the largest star forming region found near our own galaxies and I thought that it would be a good topic to learn about while I am typing this, and if you are reading this I am going to bring you on a tour of writing this whole this so sit back and grab some popcorn and get ready to read. 30 doradus contains things such as Newborn star clusters, Older Star Clusters, Supernova remnant, Pillar Chain, Dark Nebulae, Hot Bubble, Hill Region, and a Runway Star. I am going to break this into parts. A Newborn Star Cluster is a bright and dense star cluster called R136, and is one of the largest star cluster near our galaxy. Stars usually live to nearly a billion years and these stars are 1 to 2 million years old. These stars will eventually explode into supernovae. Bright stars emit a energetic ultraviolet radiation that heats up and erodes the gas clouds around the star cluster. Dense dust covers the gas creat very dark pillars hence the name pillar chain because there is more than just one. Resembling a gaseous version of a coral reef, these fragmented and wispy clouds are along the edge of a large of extremely hot gas.This gas has been heated to about over 1 million degrees by the high energy radiation from hot stars or stellar explosions, this could be why it it super hot. Lastly but not least is a runway star that was caught speeding at a velocity of 250,000 miles per hour. This star though is 1 to 2 million years old meaning that it could of got at a velocity that fast from a stellar explosion or it ejected itself from the newborn gas cluster but if it did it would move a lot slower than how it is now showing that it was a stellar explosion. When gas is heated a lot it starts to glow a pinkish-red because of a newborn star heating up the gas making that star to appear like a rose-like color. Stars form in the deepest, darkest, and deepest part of hydrogen dust clouds. These dark clouds are remnants of a gigantic dark nebulae that is going to be formed.There was more but I didnt want to add it because it might exceed the 1 page limit for the assignment. Discoveries Discovering Planets Beyond In this discovery it changed austomeners lives forever and used hubble to do so but many planets have been found also found with telescopes on the surface but hubble changed eyes forever. It was then they asked questions like how do planets form, are there alien atmospheres that we can live on?, and can we hunt for a planet that is close to us. All these questions have been answered and it was all because of hubble. Now people have been begining theories that planets just are formed from stars that collided with asteroids but actually plantes have been formed by asteroids colliding with each other to make much bigger asteroids and eventually making a planet. This is true because hubble has seen it happen and made a completely new planet. Finding planets around other stars is hard. Planets are tiny relative to most other objects in the universe. And they can be a billion times dimmer than the stars they orbit. Because planets in other solar systems are nearly impossible to see directly, astronomers have had to come up with innovative ways to hunt these covert objects. Only in the past couple decades has our technology and techniques been up to the task of finding extrasolar planets. The Hubble Space Telescope has a wide range of astronomical pursuits from studying black holes in distant galaxies to observing members of our solar system. So it isnt able to dedicate a lot of time to the hunt for extrasolar planets. But that doesnt mean Hubble hasnt tried or succeeded. In fact, Hubble has conducted some of the farthest searches of extrasolar planets ever attempted. It has proven that enigmatic objects discovered by other telescopes are planets. And it has made some exoplanet firsts.. Lastly are we alone in space that question is average because still many other planets that we havent seen so that is still an unknown question.

Goffman Essay -- Book Review, Social Exchange

Goffman â€Å"All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Student of sociology, believe Erving Goffman could easily claimed to have made that statement just as Shakespeare is given due. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life details dramaturgy or as Goffman himself relates, â€Å"The Perspective employed in this report is that of the theatrical performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Preface, p. xi). Using theater metaphors Goffman wanted to analyze frame by frame the organization of the social experience. He created a framework, a common sociological language, to conceptualize social interactions and thus authored influential work producing deeper intellectual inquiry, academic discussion, and social science development. Through critical review, Goffman’s book reveal its core concept plus consider how his influential paradigm, the dramaturgical perspective maybe placed i n the terms of sociological discussions within the discipline. The book surveys a host of social exchanges whereby the author demonstrates that we in our everyday lives participate in performances of ourselves in ways similar to actors depicting characters. Essentially to Dr. Goffman, it is acting -the presentation of oneself - whether recognized as such by individuals involved or not He begins quoting George Santayana in an exploration of mask. In chapter one, entitled â€Å"Performances,† the theatrical lens starts the analysis. He relays sociologist, Robert Ezra Park’s concept, â€Å"We come into the world as individuals, achieve character, and become persons† (p.20). These examples and all other pertinent information supporting his thesis are registered through theater. Previewing t... ...sic way has been the way of the intellectual craftsman.† This describes Goffman as a serious sociologist. He uses the dimensions of stagecraft to develop intellectual craftsmanship that his academic colleague calls upon. The dramaturgical perspective of Erving Goffman, Ph.D., has been examined in this report through a survey of his book’s assertions. The lineage of sociology prior to his publishing his social science conceptual study was detailed and connected to his stated views of micro-sociology. The sociological discussion within the discipline based upon his book concluded this critical review. This entire survey has caused me to appreciate Goffman’s work as a student of sociology because he has shown me intellectual tools to make abstractions concrete so that I may operate with on a cognitive level to comprehend group dynamics in a scientific way.

Purchasing and inventory system Essay

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Batang Convenience Store is a retail business selling dry goods, LPG’s, soft drinks and food that located in Silang, Cavite. It is founded by Yolanda and Eduardo Atienza who started its first operation on 1999. Since its venture to this kind of business, Batang Convenience Store never used any type of record books or computerized systems. The owner arranges the purchasing of  supplies by evaluating documents like delivery receipts and purchasing orders, which is time-consuming, tiresome, and inconvenient. The owner is not aware if product is no longer available or the item is becoming out of stock. If the owner wants to purchase items from the supplier, it must be done in form of writing. Sometimes the owner encounters loss of data due to carelessness. With the company’s manual means of evaluating the inventory and managing the purchasing operations, inaccurate entries are sometimes made. The Purpose of the Computerized Inventory and Purchasing System is to help a company in managing, monitoring and maintaining their Inventory as well as generating necessary reports and keeping important data safe. The researchers of this study will develop a new purchasing and inventory system for the business using Visual Basic.Net and Microsoft SQL Server software. With this system, the evaluation of inventory and management of purchasing operations will become more organized, and thus easier. In this manner, wrong inputs will be avoided, and the checking and organizing of items will be more accurate. 1.2 Statement of Problem 1.2.1 General Problem Batang Convenience Store encounters problems such as in and out of product from the stock room are not properly monitored by the purchasing clerk.Availability of their products is less supervised by the owner that consumes a lot of time by checking each item manually. Human errors in writing reports, miscount of products and tallying of inventory is time-consuming and tiresome due to the nonexistence of record books or computerized system. Purchasing Reports and Documents are also unavailable, hence purchasing processes takes too long and it may affect the overall productivity of the business. Manual process of evaluating, inventory, and managing the purchasing operations by the owner leads to inaccurate entries of data. The lack of proper record keeping also causes the lost of relevant data. 1.2.2 Specific Problems The proposed system intends to answer these following problems: In and out of product is less supervised, Time-consume and tiresome tallying of inventory records, Purchasing processes takes too long, by manually writing each item, Inaccurate entries of data due to manual process of evaluating, inventory, and managing the purchasing operation and Loss of relevant data due to the nonexistence of record books or computerized system. 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.3.1 General Objective This study aims to develop a computerized Inventory and Purchasing System for Batang Convenience Store. The system will help the business in producing accurate reports, improve transactions and provide a more convenient process for the owner’s /manager and staff. They can also serve their customer in a fastest way and accurate w/out any problem occurs. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives The following specific objectives must be attained to meet the General objective of the proposed system: To develop a system that will help the purchasing clerk to monitor the products in the stock room, To generate a system that will helpto lessen the burden of the store owner in tallying inventory items, To create a system that can help the owner to have faster way of ordering products, To create a computerized system that will help the owner to create evaluation inventory and manage purchasing operation. To develop a system that will automatically keep all the transaction record by updating and putting security measure such as password and backing up of files. 1.4Significance of the Study The Purchasing and Inventory System is one of the key factors to have a successful and profitable business. If the system is not well organized and stable, the business may not be able to meet the target profit in a given period of time. This study will be beneficial to the following: The company, interviewed by the researchers, will be able to monitor the status of materials needed to be purchase on a given period of time. Data inputs will produce an efficient output to be used as basis for making decisions. The owner can easily generate an automated approval report and can monitor the stock with ease and efficiency. Purchasing Clerk can do the processing of order, preparing the purchase order (PO) and monitoring of order status, the Stockman can do the inventory of items easily, and the  Supplier will have a lesser travel time to get the Purchase Order (PO) from the company. Future Researchers can utilize the results of the study as basis or reference when conducting their own research about Inventory and Purchasing System. 1.5Scope and Limitations The researchers of this study will use Visual Basic.Net together with Microsoft SQL Server to develop the system. The proposed system will have three (3) level accesses, one for the owner, one for the manager, and for the Stockman. The owner/manager will have the access to the following modules: The Purchasing Module: This is where the owner/manager approves the Purchase Order (PO), Purchase Request (PR) and in this module the owner/manager can cancel the transaction processing. The Inventory Module: The owner can view the status and movement of the stocks in this module. The owner can also add, edit or deactivate items using this module. The Reports Module: In this module the manager can see the Purchase Order (PO), Purchase Request (PR) and Inventory Reports. The User Account Module: In this module you can add, edit, search and read data that is recorded The Administrative Module: This is for the user’s account creation and editing. The Supplier Module: This is for owner/manager can view the company’s current suppliers, add and deactivate suppliers and in this module the manager can also edit the details of the supplier. The Purchasing Clerk will have the access on the following modules: Purchasing Module: where the input of ordered items, purchase order, purchases Request is being made. Inventory module: where stocks can be viewed. Report module: in this module the purchasing clerk can see the Purchase Order (PO) Reports, Purchase Request (PR) Report and inventory Reports. The Stockman can only access the following modules: Inventory module: where the stockman can report the new products in the inventory and the status of the stocks. Report Module: In this module the stockman can only see the Inventory reports. There will be three (3) workstations in the proposed system – for the Purchasing Clerk, the Owner and the stock room. The workstations will be networked through UTP cables and a switch. We also added a Network Printer which is connected to the  Manager’s Computer for printing Reports and Documents. Limitation The proposed system will concentrate mainly in solving the problems that the company experiences concerning their Purchasing and Inventory System. Some limitations that the proposed system might encounter are the following: Power interruption due to power failure, Exclusion of auditing and transaction of sales, and The network is not connected to the Internet. Our Proposed System will not run in other Operating system environment besides Windows.HIPO

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Outline: I will investigate the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the amount of catalyst added to the reaction. I will use hydrogen peroxide and speed pu the decomposition of it by adding manganese(IV), MnO2 as catalyst.Fair test:In order to maintain fair test conditions I will control variables that will affect the rate of reaction.The factors that are able to affect the rate of reaction include:* Temperature* Surface Area* Concentration* CatalystSince I am investigating the relationship between rate of reaction and catalysts, the other 3 factors will remain constant throughout the experiment.Temperature: At higher temperatures, the faster moving particles have more kinetic energy. This means they are moving quicker and will collide more often and with more energy, causing an increase in the number of effective collisions.Surface Area: If more surface area is available, the number of particles of the solid reactant available for collision will increase. However, I am d ealing with hydrogen peroxide (liquid) then there isnt a surface area for me to control.Concentration: More concentrated solutions contain more particles in the same space, making them more likely to collide. The increase in the number of collisions with sufficient energy increases the rate of reaction.These explain why I would need to control those factors because they would affect my results dramatically. I will keep them constant:Temperature: room temperature, temperature of hydrogen peroxide (17.C)Surface area: n/aConcentration: 5 volumes (halved the maximum which is 10 volumes, ratio 1:1)However, for room temperature, I will do all experiments in the same room hopefully the temperature remains constant in that one room.Safety:Whilst this experiment is relatively safe, there are still safety considerations that must be adhered to:* Due to the dangerous nature of many of the compounds involved in this experiment, it is important that safety goggles or safety glasses are worn duri ng all tests.* It is equally important to avoid skin contact with the compounds, as some are irritants. This can be done by ensuring that a suitable method is followed precisely so that there are no unexpected events that would lead to skin contact.Accuracy and Reliability:I will take 3 measurements of oxygen produced at each reading I will take. I will then use the arithmetic mean of these measurements in my analysis to calculate average rate of reaction. This should help to minimize unreliable results. Whilst I am doing my experiment, I will note the results down on a table, in order to spot any obvious anomalies.The measurements themselves will be taken as carefully as possible. Time will be measured using the stop-watch (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.1 second), volume of gas produced with the gas syringe (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½), the mass of the powdered manganese oxide with measuring balance (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) and the volume of hydrogen peroxide with a m easuring cylinder (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5ml)Prediction:I predict that the grater the amount of manganese oxide, MnO2, is added to the solution, the greater the rate of reaction decomposition.The formula for this decomposition is:H2O2 (aq) =; 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)Hydrogen peroxide =; Water + OxygenThe manganese dioxide is present to be acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts would lower the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so, the rate of reaction will be increased. Since more catalyst is present, it means there are more surface area of the catalyst so more molecules will be able to react faster.Method:1. Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram.2. Use a measuring cylinder to measure 20ml of hydrogen peroxide and use another measure cylinder to measure 20ml of distilled water.3. Measure 0.02g of manganese oxide using a measuring scale (remember to put a paper tower on the scale first so that manganese oxide wouldnt be able to direct ly touch the scale, which might cause malfunction to the scale if manganese oxide goes in the internal of the scale)4. Put the manganese oxide into a flask and put the 20ml of distilled water into the flask as well.5. Reset (push the gas syringe back to 0cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ if needed) the gas syringe if needed, and then put the 20ml of hydrogen peroxide into the flask and start the stop watch.6. Observe the gas syringe and take note of the volume of gas (in this case oxygen) produced every 10 sec, 20 sec, 30 sec, 40 sec, 50 sec and 60 sec.7. Repeat step 2-6 for 0.04g, 0.06g, 0.08g and 0.1g of manganese oxide but must clean the flask before using it again.8. After obtaining all of the results, repeat each one 2 more times.Diagram:Pretest:I did a few pretests:0.01g manganese oxide and 10 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520203031404150506060By using 0.01g of manganese oxide, the maximum reached is already 60cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, therefore I thought if I used 0.1g, the limit of the gas syringe (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) will be reached with less than 60 sec, so I have decided to try and reduce the concentration and see whether it is a good choice.0.1g manganese oxide and 5 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520313040404950566061Later, I tried using only 10ml of hydrogen peroxide but it wasnt enough for my experiment and it caused a limiting factor very soon in the experiment (when I tested 0.04g of manganese oxide) due to the shortage of hydrogen peroxide molecules for decomposing.The second pretest gave me good range of results to use and it didnt reach the gas syringes limit (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) so that wouldnt limit my results. Also, in the result taking, I realized that I would need a lot of time to refill my catalyst and liquids, therefore I have chosen to only do 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1. This will give me a good range of results to calculate the rate of reaction and also sufficient for supporting my prediction.Obtaining:Here is the tables of results to show the volume of gas produced using different amounts of catalysts. I will also show the average:0.02g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00104343.673.67207687.003.333010111211.004.004014151514.673.675020192019.675.006023232423.333.670.04g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00105876.676.672013141313.336.673020191919.336.004029302829.009.675035353635.336.336042414041.005.670.06g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001010111110.6710.672022212021.0010.333032303331.6710.674040394140.008.335046484646. 676.676051505050.333.670.08g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001018181617.3317.332031302930.0012.673040414140.6710.674048474546.676.005055545554.678.006062616261.677.000.10g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001031313331.6731.672045474545.6714.003053525453.007.334060615960.007.005068676767.337.336073727272.335.00I have taken the chance to add in another column (average gain in gas produced from previous reading) to show whether there is a certain pattern.Analysis:My graph clearly shows that as I increase the amount of manganese oxide, I will increase the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This supports my prediction fully (prediction: the grater the amount of manganese oxide is added to the solution, the greater the rate of re action decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:H2O2 (aq) = 2H2O (l) + O2 (g))We can clearly see that with the line of best fit drawn the points are not that far away from this line, showing a quite strong relationshipThe rate of the decomposition (when the reaction is at its 20th second) for 0.02g of catalyst used is 0.35cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.04g it is 0.67cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.06g it is 1.05cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.08g it is 1.5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec and for 0.10g it is 2.28cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec. This also supports my prediction because the rate of decomposition is increasing when the amount of catalyst increases. I chose to use 20th second into the reaction to calculate the rate because at the 20th second, all the reactions hasnt yet used up or near used up the hydrogen peroxides, therefore not reaching the point where there arent enough, which will cause a slow down in the rate.In theory, the graph should show a steep gradient at the beginning of the decomposition. By looking at th e graph, it does show a steeper gradient at the beginning but not for the line of best fit of 0.02g and 0.04g, this might be because the rate of decomposition is too slow to see any real effect. However, the other 3 lines show a steep gradient in the beginning. The end of the lines (0.06g, 0.08g and 0.10g) all tend to approach a point where it will stop the reaction (can be seen by the curve). The line for 0.10g has the greatest curve. This is because there are most catalyst compared to the others, therefore increases the rate of decomposition the fastest. The manganese oxide has therefore acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts has lowered the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so the rate of reaction has increased. So the more manganese oxide means lowering the activation energy more effectively. A catalyst basically works like:If without catalyst, the energy for the reaction to take place is relatively high, but if a catalyst is ad ded, the activation energy lowers, therefore enabling the reactants to react with less energy. The activation energy of the reaction is about 75 kJ/mol in the absence of catalyst. The activation energy of the reaction is about 58 kJ/mol if manganese oxide is added to the reaction.However, towards the bottom end of the graph the lines (0.06g, 0.08g, 0.10g) are a lot shallower compared to the start. This shallower lines show that it is finding it hard to produce oxygen at a fast rate because there are not enough molecules left to decompose itself.Some of the results could be wrong, however I can still pull some conclusions from this and one is that we can definitely see that as the amount of manganese oxide increases, the faster oxygen is produced.Evaluation:Overall I think I carried out this investigation to my greatest capabilities.The data that I collected was fairly reliable because of the strong correlation and the accuracy of my experiment was reasonable. It also was enough to s upport my prediction. However, there are some anomalies which might be caused by several errors such as:1. The measuring balance wasnt exactly accurate because sometimes the more I add, the more the mass reading on the balance decreases.2. My reaction time, because even though I try my fastest to obtain the results, I will still be around 0.5 1.5 sec off from the correct time to take the results.There was also a big problem:As soon as the Manganese Dioxide touched the Hydrogen Peroxide, oxygen was produced straightaway. So I lost quite a lot of gas before we put the bung on. I tried to counter this problem by adding the hydrogen peroxide last because liquid is easy to transfer to the flask compared to transferring manganese oxide because the powder might possibly stick to the top of the flask and unable to go down to the hydrogen peroxide. Also, I started the countdown the second the bung was fitted on properly as soon as the oxygen was going up the flask.A major cause for concern on accuracy was the reading of the overall measurement of the oxygen produced but also the measurements of hydrogen peroxide and water used for the experiment. So if these miss-readings were carried out through the whole investigation then my results will be quite a long way out.Looking back on experiment I believe that there are many ways to improve it. One way is the accuracy of the measuring of the catalyst this can be done by requesting a new scale which should not have any chances of any faulty measurements. This would make every measurement of catalyst I take virtually no faults at all.My graph is very basic and one way to improve this will be to increase my range of tests, this will allow me to know where exactly the point where no more oxygen can be created is. Maybe doing until 2 minutes (120 sec) will allow me to locate where it is. I think the timing was as accurate and reliable as it could be, but only a second or third experiment would back that up fully. The equipment we used was reasonable but not the best, but for the conditions we were based in it was the best we were going to get.I could investigate on what type of catalysts is more effective for the speeding up of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Possible catalyst selections include:* Manganese IV oxide (MnO2)* Zinc oxide (ZnO)* Lead IV oxide (PbO2)* Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)* Iron III oxide (Fe2O3)* Copper II oxide (CuO)* Copper III oxide (Cu2O)This might help me understand more about catalyst and what type of metals are best for catalysts, such as: transition metals.I could investigate on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and keeping the catalyst constant, and also I can investigate on the effects of pH with rates of reaction.

PARAPHRASING Essays - Emotions, Happiness, Personal Life

PARAPHRASING Essays - Emotions, Happiness, Personal Life PARAPHRASING 1.Once a private act of perhaps the most intensely familial nature, eating together has become for many Americans a public act evolving others in a variety of relationships, few of which are matters of blood. James Helmer states that for many of the Americans, having food together, which has profounding familial nature, is a public performance of developing various new kinships, in which only a little is about blood relations. 2.McDonalds would win because it, better than any of its competitors, was able to catch up and exploit in its advertising a number of significant historical and contemporary development in American community and family life. The success of McDonalds advertisement is that, it succeeded in communicating and conveying about the remarkable historical and modern progress in American society and family life far better than any of its opponents. 3.Specifically, it demonstrates how familial images were employed as a means of persuasion that ultimately portrayed McDonalds as a potential source of love and human happiness as a place of being family. In advertisements, McDonalds presents various familial images, which depicts family as a place of love and affection of ultimate human happiness. 4.Family for some of these people no doubt meant these similar others, or perhaps the people with whom they worked or carried on some other activity. To few people in America family means, people who are alike them or may be people with they are engaging in some works or other activity. 5.What McDonalds would do was paint itself as many things that answered peoples basic and powerful need for someone to mend the fragments with caring. The action of McDonald is that it refines itself in many terms as to answer publics essential and strong requirements, which requires someone to restore broken pieces with care.

State of the Union Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

State of the Union - Assignment Example This is not taken kindly by some republicans who assert that he is more concerned with politics than with the development and well being of the nation. The democrats supported the plans to raise the minimum wage. Later positing that increasing minimum wage is the quickest and surest way of putting money in the pockets of workers. The amount of the money the workers will spend will in turn increase demand for commodities and services and therefore create more jobs. The Vice President seems to be in agreement with the president throughout his speech, but his facial expression changes with the disapproval of most of the planned policies by the republicans, as pointed out in their speeches. Explain the differences in the two men’s responses on the basis of the difference between liberal (Democratic Party) and conservative (Republican Party) ideologies. (The Vice President and the Speaker) According to the two, it is clear that there is a distinction between the views of the democrats and republicans on several issues affecting the citizens of the US. The republicans seem to reject anything Obama would offer. As such, the conservatives feel that the government should serve the people and not the other way round. On taxes and wealth, republicans feel that the government keeps interfering which could have negative ramifications. This was clear with the issue of raising minimum wage and tax increases mentioned in the speech. The conservatives opt for a free market, which is self regulating without government coming in between. As such, they are of the view that instead of raising taxes, lowering them would be good for everyone. The best way to raise the standard of living for Americans is to let people pursue their own goals with reduced bureaucracy which tends to be an obstacle. Liberals on the other hand feel that the ultimate purpose of the government is to improve the lives of the people by reducing poverty,

How The Hurricane (Sandy) Affected The Economy Of The USA Essay

How The Hurricane (Sandy) Affected The Economy Of The USA - Essay Example An estimation placed by IHS Global Insight reflected a total loss of $30billion to $50billion that also includes the infrastructure losses of around $20billion. However, according to the studies of economists, the overall effect on the economy of the country has been minimal. This is primarily because some of these losses would be covered by insurers, while others would be covered through efforts of rebuilding and recoveries. The process of rebuilding has already begun. Hence, very big and negative consequences of the economy are not expected on the country’s state of economy. Also, the federal budget deficit of the country is not going to be mush affected as a result of Sandy. Based on comments made by senior economists of IHS, it can be said that the power struggle in politics of the country â€Å"over the cost of government aid is unlikely, considering that many politicians have dialed back their campaigns in the storms wake† (Kavoussi, 2012). However the employment of the country may be affected leading to â€Å"0.5 percent cut out of real gross domestic product (GDP) in the last three months of the year† (Kavoussi, 2012). According to the recent reports of JPMorgan, although there have been and may be initial effects of the storm on the economic activities of the country, the long term effects can be nullified with the rebuilding and recovery measures that have already initiated. In the present times, the frequency data and seasonal adjustments may be badly affected and hence kept off for some period of time. However, the impact would be minor with the passage of time. Impacts are more reflected on housing, construction and retail sales sector, where the storm has led to declines in performances and outcomes, but from the data and predictions, the country would be able to follow its normal economic activities and course lines that would have been in place if the storm had not occurred (Gauging Hurricane Sandys impact on the US economy,

What are the limits and possibilities of critique in the context of Essay

What are the limits and possibilities of critique in the context of postmodern thought and culture - Essay Example Human culture and its eventual adoption the postmodernism in rejection of the modernism is highly recognizable in variant extents of life. Critiquing of the respective visual arts facilitates the improvement of the cultures and expounding of differing section of their application2. On the other hand, postmodernism entails the social inclined art aimed at capturing of the aesthetic, morally upright nurturing and advancement of the society as an envisaged section of the historical long civilization3. Post modernism is recurrently invoked when the artists sculpture their expertise through practicing of relevant options in their respective fields. Post modernism offers outstanding approach in enabling of criticism of art, thus questions the conspicuous values and comprehensible institutions for modernity4. The start of postmodern activities dates back to before 1960’s as active politicization intensified the liberalization and freedom process of other various sectors due to the fe lt inability of the modernism to capture and solve the existent humanitarian problems. From then onwards the main inherent components of modernism had been rationality, individualism, objectivity, truth; and were hence replaced by postmodernism features of the western contemporary and global society. From the video, ‘Is Bad art for bad people?’ the looks by Jake Chapman on astonishing and perturbing images of the alleged epitome of the postmodern traits is very much disturbing5. An audience notes that, post modernism conveys on a lot of contents of modernism thus rejecting the spirituality and the base backings of the benefits of arts. The documentary has no deeply placed meaning but extends on beyond the modern art by amplifying its ability to avail insight6. The documentary exhibits how the post modernism thought attempts to snub the apparent autonomy from the arts. From the documentary, the documentary featuring Terry Richardson, he feels that while other dislikes hi s works, he admires them a lot. He proceed on saying that, â€Å"good†¦ you are obviously effecting them†¦I want people to walk away and think about them... for them to be haunted.† Postmodern thought relates to postmodernism which refers to a an interlinked frame of ideas that assumed a recognition as a structured academic discipline in 1980s. The definition of the postmodernism is quite an obstacle due to variant avenues it receives its application in the society. This includes the art, music, literature, fashions, communications, sociology and technology7. Effectively, the intrinsic path of assuming triumphant path in attempts to acquire the approved meaning for the post modern thought is through acknowledging that post modernism is a model of motion or change towards modernism an hence it’s the essential center from which postmodernism assumes its initialization. The initial facet of this model of thinking is aesthetic motion vastly labeled as modernism. The boundaries of critiquing the post modernism highly underlies on the assumptions of the scientific objectives, the endeavors in explanation of the contemporary realities8. As for arts, the reality is in mankind is not mirrored from the general comprehension of it;

EIP and Project Based Learning Essay Example for Free

EIP and Project Based Learning Essay The title of the study is to be dubbed as EIP and Project Based Learning: Studying student’s motivation and academic achievement. The research would be carried out in a manner which would facilitate the identification of what impact does standard project-based learning have on EIP (Early Intervention Program) and the student’s impetus and academic achievement? Statement of the Problem A fresh evaluation of student achievement conducted by the National Conference of State Legislatures divulged that the average performance of eighth-grade learners in the United States in the disciplines of mathematics, science, and reading literacy ranked below the performance standards of 14 countries (NCSL, 2009). To deal with such a problem, state administrative bodies have initiated the adoption and the implementation of accountability founded on certain stipulated standards. Nevertheless, the conventional classroom based learning practices persists to be prevalent in the United States education imparting arena despite the fact that several research findings have revealed that project-based learning is much more effectual in terms of achieving stipulated standards, better explains different subject areas, enhances learning methods, and improves test performances (Andres, 2006). The most important issue in this context is that project-based learning has to be put into practice in more De Kalb County education facilities in order to foster cognitive thinking and enhance the accountability of the students in their learning activities. This fact is substantiated by the Georgia Assessment of Performance on School Standards (GAPSS) evaluation findings and is consistent with the stated objectives of the De Kalb County School System. Relation of the Problem to the Specialization Comprehending the productivity of the project-based learning approach can facilitate bridging the gaps that presently exist between how students live and how they are taught (Andres, 2006). This technique of learning rises above the mere technicalities introduced by course books and worksheets and lays more emphasis on constructivist attitudes. Education in itself would stand to benefit from this research and at the same time educators would gain knowledge of how to successfully structure and sustain the learning content and activities whilst highlighting achievement of standards, comprehensible outcomes, and enhanced accountability (BIE). Background and Context for the Problem The approach that was adopted in the education imparting framework in the past decades is eventually becoming outdated and is not competent enough to suffice in the contemporary educational arena. Those old-fashioned past approaches were unsuccessful in developing and nurturing the skills and aptitudes required to answer intricate questions and to implement that knowledge in real world circumstances. By means of standards based projects, a dynamic issue that is genuine and fascinating will foster critical cognitive thinking, knowledge implementation, organizational noesis, and enhance the students’ conscientiousness relating to their own learning process (Andres, 2006). Research Question The most important questions that this research would be attempting to answer are the following: †¢ What impact does the project-based approach have on the students’ learning achievement? †¢ To what level are students inspired by project-based learning methodology? †¢ Were the evaluations of project-based learning consistent with Georgia Performance Standards? Georgia’s Performance Standards (GPS) are obligatory standards that must be met while imparting education to every public school student in the De Kalb County and the state of Georgia. Treating The Giver by Lois Lowry in the form a web-based thematic component, students would be able to implement the skills recognized by the Georgia state learning standards as essential for elementary school learners. Making use of the Student-Interview Questions from the GAPPS evaluation, the information would be gathered and scrutinized. In addition, previously-existing instructional policies and evaluation practices by means of observing students conduct, surveys based on students’ achievement-goal perceptions, and group discussions are approaches which, as indicated by Pintrich and Schunk, can be carried out sensibly to judge the students’ endeavor, determination and evasion behaviors (Pintrich Schunk, 2002). Importance or Significance of the Study A constant rise in the high school dropout rate and low performance grades have become a widespread phenomenon in the United States education arena. In light of such an issue project-based learning assumes immense significance as an effective methodology that is capable of delivering high performance standards, presenting interesting challenges, and providing a framework for reliable evaluation techniques (Nastu, 2009). If the supposition that, enhanced student performance is largely reliant upon their understanding and proficiency to efficiently shoulder their new responsibilities as global citizens is true, this research would prove to be a valuable asset for all stakeholders. Topics in the Literature Review The Project-based learning methodology presupposes that learning is a dynamic, integrated and productive activity. In such an interactive learning atmosphere, students work in the company of other classmates to work out compound and real-life problems that will facilitate the development of content knowledge in addition to helping them to become accustomed to the art of problem solving, logical thinking, communication, and self evaluation (CTL, 2001). Proponents of this approach hold that majority of the students consider project-based learning initiatives to be encouraging, which in the long run helps development of important skills (Helle et al. , 2007). Performance oriented evaluations will render high expectations, simulate real-world problems, and would necessitate a variety of skills and proficiencies to deal with such issues (BIE). Even though the potential such techniques exhibits are beyond measure, project-based learning faces some serious challenges. It entails a wide-ranging framework, skills, procedural planning, support, and resources that go beyond the precincts of a textbook (Andres, 2006). Methodology This research would employ a mixed research methods design that will make use of both quantitative as well as qualitative approaches. Quantitative data will be accumulated to evaluate the students’ reading accomplishments via a pre and post appraisal of a learning element. In addition, the qualitative technique would be used to appraise the efficiency of project-based learning techniques on the students’ enthusiasm to shoulder responsibility and the ingenuity in their coursework and other learning activities. Data Collection Data would be gathered across a timeline scaling six-weeks in course of a reading unit within the learning environment. The research team would shoulder the responsibilities of an observer and detailed studies would be carried out with respect to the usefulness of project-based educational approaches. In this examination students would be monitored, and pieces like journals, class work, project reports, and unit test performance sheet would be collected. Such a research-based scrupulous practice is in line with the features of a fully operational educational atmosphere (Georgia Department of Education, 2007). Data Analysis The information collected would be evaluated by means of triangulation. Graphically, the linkage between the students’ pre and post test results would be determined. A t-test would be carried out to contrast each unit’s intensity of enthusiasm and level of reading accomplishment. In order to examine the statistical implications, a mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be employed to identify the differences that generally exist in the treatments processes. Identification of Necessary Approvals So as to carry out the pertinent research processes effectively, the De Kalb County School System in Decatur, Georgia and the school authority would need to sanction the proposal and approve the research initiative.

What Does The Placebo Effect Say About The Mind-body Dilemma? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

What Does The Placebo Effect Say About The Mind-body Dilemma? When I was seven years old my family and I took my grandmother on a trip around northern India. It was her desire to make pilgrimages to the temples that were considered to be the holiest by the Swaminaryans, an orthodox sect of Hindus. At that time in my life, I couldn't even pretend to be interested in the activities occurring within the temples. Instead, I was mesmerized by my proximity to the wildlife that was lounging just outside of the actual walls of temples. In a two-week span of time I must have seen more than twenty temples, and by the end they all blurred together except for one. Although the temple itself was not magnificent, what was occurring inside has remained with me to this day. A male priest, who was sitting at the main alter, was pulling on elderly woman's hair causing her to scream hysterically. I discovered that the woman was suffering from a headache and was having it cured by the priest. More accurately, she was having the "ghosts" removed from her brain. For the individuals who were directly involved in the ceremony and for many of the people with whom I was traveling, exorcism was a perfectly legitimate way of curing an illness of the body. The cure had no pharmaceutical basis, but it was based in the people's belief system. The belief system for the circumstance that I witnessed was a ritualistic aspect of Hinduism. In the case of the exorcism, the individuals involved expected that the treatment would work, and as a result the treatment did work. The idea that people benefit from expectation alone is called the placebo effect, and it is not u nique to India or to the east. Placebos are medications or treatments that are benign and have no pharmacological properties 1)The Placebo Effect Real of Imagined. The category of placebo includes everything from the hair pulling I witnessed in India to the starch pills that millions of American women take along with their birth control. Until recently, placebos were considered important to Western medicine, in so far as they were part of a rigorous scientific method of testing and approving new medicine. In particular, a standard part of clinical trials is the division of patients into two categories. One category is given the medication being tested and the other is given placebo pills.

What explanations are offered for the development of nationalism?

Introduction The roots of nationalism go back to the middle of the eighteenth century and a movement called romanticism. Affecting art, journalism, philosophy, music, and politics, romanticism was a mood or a disposition that defied rigid definition. It did indicate a revolt against rationalism and a consequent emphasis on sentiment, feeling, and imagination. The emotions of the heart, it was argued, though irrational, should be valued over and above the intellectualizations of the head. So that whereas Rene Descartes had said, â€Å"I think, therefore I am,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau proclaimed, â€Å"A thinking man is a depraved animal.† In this havoc of power and ideas, one familiar face has re-emerged: that of nationalism. For many it is as undesirable as it is unbidden and unexpected. For others its recurrence is regrettable but comes as no surprise. For still others, it symbolizes the only sure way forward after the sudden shatters created by totalitarianism in the de velopmental paths of so numerous societies. For all, nationalism symbolizes a stage in the evolution of humanity to ‘higher forms' of culture, one that should be endured or embraced, but is certainly destined to pass after a few chaotic decades (Smith 1995; Brown, Micheal, 1997).None of these situations seems to accord with the chronological facts or sociological realisms of ethnicity and nationalism. Instead of treating ethnicity and nationalism as phenomenon in their own right, they persist on evaluating them by the yardstick of a liberal evolutionary scheme, overt or tacit, one that is intrinsically problematic and perceptibly irrelevant to the dynamics of nations, nationalism and ethnic conflict.For liberals and socialists dedicated to the view that humanity progresses in stages to greater units of comprehensiveness and higher values, the nation and nationalism can simply represent a halfway house to the aim of a cosmopolitan culture and a global polity. On the one hand, t he nation can be applauded for superseding all those local, inscriptive ties and communities that have controlled innovation and opportunity and enchained the human spirit.Its wider horizons have brought collectively all kinds of peoples with changeable origins, religions, occupations and class backgrounds and turned them into citizens of the defensive, civic nation. Conversely, the nation today has become an obstruction to progress, seeking ineffectively to control the flow of information and the channels of mass communication, and to obstruct and control the great economic institutions–transnational companies, world banks and trade organizations and the global financial and commodities markets.Although the great forces of globalization, economic, political and cultural, have already diluted the power of the nation-state and are fast making all national boundaries and responses obsolete (Schopfin, George, 2000; Hobsbawm 1990: ch. 6). Romanticism rejected the idea of the inde pendence of the individual and stressed identification with an external whole, with something outside of oneself. Quite normally, this outside whole took the form of nature, as marked in the works of such romanticists as Wordsworth in England; Herder, Schiller, and Goethe in Germany; and Hugo, Rousseau, and Madame de Stael in France.Frequently also, the center of one's identification was the â€Å"folk,† the cultural group, or nation. Nationalism, in other words, was a political expression of romanticism (William Booth, 1996, p. A-1). In many ways, the major philosopher of nationalism was Rousseau, whose influence on the French Revolution has been generally recognized. Rousseau's ideal was the small, well-knit community in which each person freely gave himself over, quite literally, to every other person. We should obey the community, Rousseau taught, because in observing the community we obey ourselves.The identity and unity of our wills produce a â€Å"General Will† that is completing, indivisible, infallible, and always for the common good. The individual's commitment and fondness to the community and the General Will are total. French Revolution and Nationalism Following the French Revolution, nationalism spread across the continent of Europe and beyond. In a real sense, the past of nineteenth-century Europe is the history of nationalism or as a minimum this is one way of looking at it. The twentieth century saw the dispersal of nationalism throughout the world.No country has been spared; none is an exemption. â€Å"Some Euro-enthusiasts, have hinted at the prospect of transcending the state and nation by forming a wider federation and a district political identity. Yet the federalists have been continually frustrated by the continuing vivacity of the national idea†. James Mayall, 1990, 94-5 With the exclusion of two brief periods, Western nationalism has continued unabated. For about a decade after each of the two world wars, Western nationalism was in a state of decline, even of ill reputation.It was nationalism, after all, that had set in motion cataclysmic events, leading to appalling waste of human and material resources. But the decline of Western nationalism did not last long. Its renaissance after World War I was much hastened by the fascist and the Nazi movements of the 1920s and 1930s. After the Second World War, Western nationalism owed much of its vitality to the French Gaullist movement of the 1950s and the 1960s. More about this currently. The same world wars that led to the transient decline of nationalism in the West set the stage for the rise of nationalism in the East.The â€Å"new nationalism,† as it came to be called, took place, for the most part, in colonial areas; and it was in large appraise a reaction against the Western policies of imperialism and invasion. At the turn of the century, colonial nationalism (more exactly, anticolonial nationalism) was almost an unknown phenomenon. F ollowing World War I and the disintegration of the Ottoman and the Austro-Hungarian empires, nationalism began to appear in a few countries, most notably in India.After the Second World War and the dissolution of the German, British, French, and other imperial designs, nationalism mushroomed in formerly colonial countries. Nationalism after Cold War Nationalism takes hold after the Cold war. By 1950, the philosophy of the Nationalism after Cold War had come to control public life in the United States. It was an ideology of American nationalist globalism, in which the United States was seen to be locked in global struggle with forces of international communism, proscribed by a Soviet government intent on world invasion.That struggle was believed to intimidate fundamental American values, most particularly freedom of enterprise and freedom of religion, and the leeway of spreading those values, which were deemed collective, to the rest of the world, which longed for them. Within this i deology, almost all international problems or crises were seen as part of the overarching conflict between the United States and the USSR—between their contending ideologies and ways of life. Within this framework, a threat to â€Å"freedom† anywhere in the world was deemed a risk to the American way of life.This presented a simple, dichotomous view that seemed too many if not most Americans to elucidate the often frustrating and considerably more composite developments of the postwar world. The roots of this philosophy lay in a tradition of belief about America's national mission and destiny, a ritual reaching back to the seventeenth century. Key elements of this ideology were in place at the end of World War II; some developed throughout the war, and others preceded it. The final pieces fell into place between 1945 and 1950.All through those years, the range of U. S. foreign policy discourse grew more and more narrow. Though, American nationalist ideology given the p rincipal underpinning for the broad public consent that supported Cold War foreign policy. Seen through the prism of that principles, the U. S. had emerged from World War II as a completely matured great power, dedicated to comprehending freedom all through the world and prepared to usher in a new golden age in its own image.After the war, the Soviet Union became a relentless foe because it exposed this idea of the American Century. From the late forties through the late eighties, the United States waged cold war against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics not mainly in the name of capitalism or Western civilization (neither of which would have united the American people behind the cause), but in the name of America in the name, that is, of the nation. The potency of the Nationalism ideology that appeared between 1945 and 1950—an principles that dominated U.S. public life at least until the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991—derivative largely from its nati onalist appeal. Yet although the vast scholarly literature on the Cold War, American nationalism remains a little-studied element of postwar U. S. history. Indeed, as Stephen Vaughn noted practically twenty years ago in his study of democracy and nationalism in the propaganda work of the Committee on Public Information during World War I, twentieth-century American nationalism remains a subject deficiently in need of further study.(Vaughn, Stephen, 1980). Involvement of Soviet Empire Since the implosion first of the Soviet empire and then of the Soviet Union itself, nationalism has again affirmed itself as a force on the world scene, one not expected to fade away soon. The scholarly literature on nationalism is voluminous and seems to expand exponentially, mainly in the years since the earth-shaking events of 1989-91. The ideology around which the Cold War consent was forged from 1947 on consisted of three main constructs: national greatness, global accountability, and anticommunism .Anticommunism was the last leg of this ideological triad to fall into place. By illumination why the United States was having such a hard time meeting its global responsibilities while concurrently buttressing the nation's claims to greatness, anticommunism put the entire ideology in working order. The third leg permitted the triad to stand. But the fundamental ideology was one of American nationalist globalism, not anticommunism. In itself, anticommunism was barely new to U. S. political culture in 1947.But with the Soviet Union sitting spanning Eastern and Central Europe, global anticommunism now became a defining constituent in U. S. foreign-policy ideology as signified in public discourse. The perception that the communist threat was worldwide received momentous amplification in 1949, with the â€Å"loss† of China to Mao's army and the Soviet Union's detonation of its first atomic device (William Claiborne, Washington Post, November 24, 1996, p. A-12). Nationalism and Am erican Globalism The idea of the Soviet threat proved relevant precisely because it threatened the idea of the American Century.Global anticommunism fit impressively into the existing mixture of national greatness and global accountability, American nationalism and American globalism—as this mixture had already begun to function as an ideology of nationalist globalism that facilitated many Americans makes sense of their nation's overriding place in the postwar world. Global anticommunism lent increased force to this ideological vision. The appeal of global anticommunism—and particularly the impact of the Truman Doctrine speech of March 12, 1947 should be understood in that context.In 1947 the Truman Doctrine provoked influential debate, though it clearly carried the day. In 1950 the application of that principle to Asia provoked overwhelming support. After the accent of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in the first six months of 1947, and particularly after co ngressional support of the Marshall Plan in the wake of the Czech coup in February and March of 1948, the range of adequate public debate about the basic objectives of U. S. foreign policy had grown gradually more constricted.Fairly, Henry Wallace attempted to make these objectives a central question of the 1948 presidential campaign. But Wallace and the foreign-policy questions he sought to heave were painted with a red brush that left them beyond the pale of adequate public discussion. Certain basics of the civil rights and labor movements attempted to express dissent over U. S. foreign-policy initiatives in planned terms, but to do so they accepted the terms of the debate as recognized by the Truman administration's stated global objectives.In doing so, groups like the NAACP and the UAW sought to gain both government and public support to precede their own domestic agendas. While both organized labor and African Americans achieved certain objectives as a result, their acceptance of the official objectives of U. S. foreign policy put in to the narrowing of public discourse relating to both national and international issues. In late 1948 and 1949, systematic dissidents who forthrightly opposed the fundamental foreign-policy strategy of the Truman administration, such as W. E. B.Du Bois, Paul Robeson, and Henry Wallace, found themselves more insignificant than ever. The UE and other left-wing unions that divergent the Marshall Plan were debarred from the CIO, which in effect took away their status as well thought-of American trade unions. These dissenters had stepped outside the boundaries of legitimate discourse as distinct by the established notions of national greatness, global responsibility, and anticommunism. Wallace definitely preached his own principle of national greatness and global responsibility, but his failure to recognize global anticommunism nevertheless placed him beyond the pale.The lack of fundamental public debate concerning the nature and purposes of U. S. foreign policy after 1950 given to the development of an ever more militarized foreign policy controlled by narrow ideological blinders that covered fundamental international realities. â€Å"The so-called Cold War,† in the words of Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, â€Å"was far less the altercation of the United States with Russia than America's expansion into the entire world—a world the Soviet Union neither proscribed nor created. † (Everett Carll Ladd, 1995)The ideology of American nationalist globalism, which distinct international reality in terms of a Manichaean struggle between the U. S. -led â€Å"free world† and Soviet-controlled communist totalitarianism, served to validate the expansion of U. S. power all through the world while obfuscating the enormous complications of a world experiencing the final collapse of European colonialism. It facilitated most Americans to feel pride in being citizens of a great nation that required only to protect its own way of life and to defend â€Å"free peoples everywhere† from totalitarian aggression.The absence of debate about the fundamental assumptions of U. S. foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War era served to reify that ideological commencement. Nationalism has been a momentous theme of the post-Cold War era. Throughout the Cold War, Americans welcomed refugees from the Captive Nations. After the Cold War, refugees either escaping the terror of dictatorial rulers or wanting to stake their claim to the American Dream lost their cachet with voters (accept those fleeing Castro's Cuba).â€Å"The arrival of the greatest number of immigrants as the wave of eastern, central, and southern European ethnics in 1901-1910 caused anti-immigrant commitment to spread† (â€Å"Immigration,† Time/CNN, All Politics, Internet, March 25, 1996). Passions ran high in vote-rich states such as California, Florida, New Jersey, Texas, Illinois, New York, and California . Throughout the 1994 midterm elections, Californians ratified Proposition 187, which banned all state spending on illegal immigrants and requisite police to report suspected illegal to the California Department of Justice and the U.S. Immigration Service. Television sets sputtered with pictures of illegal Mexicans swarming across the border as a presenter intoned, â€Å"They just keep . † (Barone and Ujifusa,1996, p. 81). As the campaign escalated, Republicans Jack Kemp and William Bennett accused the measure, claiming it was â€Å"politically unwise and essentially at odds with the best tradition and courage of our party. † (Dick Kirschten, 1995, p. 150). Regardless of their protestations, Proposition 187 won handily, 59 percent to 41 percent.But whereas whites gave it 64 percent backing, 69 percent of Hispanics disapproved–a sharp demarcation of the new â€Å"us-versus-them† politics. (J. Joseph Huthmacher, 1969) Pete Wilson, the GOP governor who made the vote initiative a cornerstone of his reelection bid, won by an almost equal vote of 55 percent to 41 percent. Two years later, Kemp realigned his immigration stance once he was chosen by Bob Dole to be the 1996 Republican vice presidential nominee. ConclusionHowever, the role of nationalism, and particularly the nationalist symbolism of American world power, remains a derelict factor in our understanding of the Cold War's origins. As the Cold War itself recedes into history and the view that the Russians ongoing it and the Americans won it becomes ever more commonplace, it is more important than ever to observe the ways in which the United States contributed to the Cold War's origins, mainly through the universalist pretensions of its political culture.The triumphalism embedded in Francis Fukuyama's view that the end of the Cold War marked â€Å"the end of history† constitutes a new, traditionally contingent variation on the ideology that framed that conflict from the beg inning. In a world growing less rather than more pliant to the dictates of U. S. policy, such ideological thinking is potentially quite precarious. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union two years later, the ideological basics of American nationalist globalism have been loosened but not undone.There is no longer a domineering consensus, because there is no longer a prime perception of a single, overarching threat to the United States. But most Americans are quite sure that their country won the Cold War and that they are citizens of the world's favored nation. As the Persian Gulf War demonstrated, national enormity and global responsibility can activate a potent public consensus behind large-scale intervention without anticommunism playing a role.Until we have a more thorough debate over the nature and purposes of our nation's foreign policy in a multifaceted rapidly changing world, we remain in danger of falling back into an ideological descr iption of international realities. If that should happen particularly if it should happen in combination with declining U. S. global domination, domestic economic travails, and the determination of awesome U. S. military power, it could pose a grave new threat itself, both to the wellbeing of the republic and to the wellbeing of the world. References: â€Å"Immigration,† Time/CNN, All Politics, Internet, March 25, 1996. Barone and Ujifusa, â€Å"The Almanac of American Politics†, 1996, p. 81. Brown, Micheal E., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict (MIT:1997); Dick Kirschten, â€Å"Second Thoughts,† National Journal, January 21, 1995, p. 150. Everett Carll Ladd, America at the Polls, 1994 ( Storrs, Connecticut: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1995), p. 124. Hobsbawm, E.J., Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge:1992); J. Joseph Huthmacher, Massachusetts: People and Politics, 1919-1933 ( New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 162. Mayall, James, Nationalism and International Society (Cambridge,1990); Schopfin, George, Nations, Identity, Power: The New Politics of Europe (Hurst, 2000) Smith, A., Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (1995) Vaughn, Stephen. Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980 William Booth, â€Å"In a Rush, New Citizens Register Their Political Interest,† Washington Post, September 26, 1996, p. A-1. William Claiborne, â€Å"Democrats Don't Have Lock on Hispanic Vote, Latino Leaders Say,† Washington Post, November 24, 1996, p. A-12.